Detailed Explanation of Layer Hen Feed Formula Design Procedures
Layer Hen Feed Formula Design Procedures
Source: Beijing Jiaguan Xingnong
Layer Hen Feed Formula Design Procedures
1. First determine the daily feed intake of high-yield laying hens. The feed intake of laying hens is determined by their daily energy requirement, which is the basic principle and foundation of layer hen feed design, and also an important factor in assessing the grade of layer hen feed from competing companies.
2. Determine the optimal daily protein requirement for layer hen feed, which is divided into three approaches: maximum laying rate design, maximum egg weight design, and optimal benefit formula design.
3. Determine the daily calcium requirement.
4. Based on the above required parameters, determine other formula parameters and formula standards.
5. Based on the above parameters, select the diet structure, processing parameters, and feed form matching issues.
Specific calculation and processing parameter examples: (using Lohmann Brown medium-type laying hens as an example)
Environmental standard requirements: Lohmann Brown medium-type, ambient temperature 21 degrees, relative humidity 50-70%, standard body weight 1.45 kg.
Suitable body weight at onset of lay is 1.45 kg; it is recommended to strengthen management to reach 1.48-1.50 kg, which helps extend the laying period and improve laying uniformity, and makes it easier to obtain larger eggs (this benefit is greater than the benefit from earlier onset of lay).
Metabolizable energy requirement under standard environmental conditions: 307 kcal/day per bird, daily calcium requirement 3.4-3.6 grams, minimum protein requirement to satisfy maximum egg weight is 18.6 grams/day per bird. Now designing a peak feed with a peak feed intake of 118 grams/day per bird:
Metabolizable energy requirement: 307/0.118=2600 kcal/kg;
Dietary calcium requirement: 3.4 grams/118 grams=2.88%-3.05% (considering processing and quality variation, 3.05% is applicable);
Protein requirement: 18.6/118=15.76%;
To satisfy the minimum protein digestion requirement, the minimum ratio of lysine to crude protein shall not be less than 4.6%, lysine requirement is 15.76*4.6%=0.725%; methionine:lysine=0.45:1, methionine is 0.326%.
Based on the principle of selective feeding of laying hens, the selected raw materials include corn, crushed into 2-4 pieces; soybean meal, coarsely crushed or added directly depending on the source; cottonseed meal, directly added after removing larger particles depending on the source; rapeseed meal added directly; sunflower seed meal, coarsely crushed and added directly; fish meal, fish protein concentrate, pork cracklings..., added directly; wheat bran added directly; use iodized salt, use dicalcium phosphate or bone meal, added directly; the calculated calcium content and the total calcium from fine limestone powder that may be added is: about 1.0%; select a mixture of granular limestone powder and shell powder to supplement the remaining calcium.
Formula correction:
Body weight correction: For every 1 kg increase in body weight of laying hens, the metabolizable energy requirement increases by 36 kcal/d. That is, when Lohmann Brown reaches 2000 grams in the later period, it needs to gain 550 grams of body weight, requiring 36*0.55=19.8 kcal/d; note 19.8/2600=8 grams/day, total feed intake is 118+8=126 grams; that is, under standard environment, the feed intake is 126 grams.
Environmental correction: For every 1 degree increase or decrease in temperature, metabolizable energy increases or decreases by 2 kcal/kg per kg of body weight. The suitable range is 15-27 degrees. Below 15 degrees, consider environmental improvement; above 27 degrees, consider heat stress.
Body condition correction: With complete feathers, follow the above algorithm; with sparse or missing feathers, the metabolizable energy requirement increases.
Necessity of fat addition: Fat not only serves as an important energy source, but is also a source for heat stress resistance and certain important nutrients for laying hens. At the same time, adding fat to the feed reduces dust and improves the feeding performance of laying hens, especially when there is excessive fine material present, which would affect the achievement of feeding targets.
Quality competition issues (designing products to attack competitors):
Based on the above principles, by investigating the feed usage of competitors, their product positioning can be basically determined. Laying hens exhibit a feeding phenomenon: inertial feeding; that is, when changing feed, laying hens will follow the previous day's feed intake. When the designed diet nutrient concentration is higher than the previous feed, due to inertial feeding, the daily nutrient intake increases, resulting in increased or unchanged egg production. But when it is lower than the previous feed, the laying rate decreases, which is also the main factor why layer hen feed customers are unwilling to change feed. Another issue is the formula structure, mainly the impact of digestibility. Generally, after feed change, normal feed intake resumes in 3-7 days, but for winning the market, customer feed changes have positive significance. When changing feed, the energy issue should first be considered. Based on the above algorithm, it is easy to calculate the competitor's metabolizable energy parameters, and combined with laboratory testing, what other parameters could be problematic?
Technical principles and determination methods for optimal benefit formula for laying hens:
The technical fact of maximum laying rate is a stage that was later determined to distinguish formula requirements for different periods. It was the formula requirement in the early period when eggs were appropriately calculated and sold by "dozen" or "number." At that time, the main laying hen breed was the white-shell layer represented by "Shaver 288"; vitamin supply and protein research, especially energy and protein research, were the main characteristics of this period; generally about 17-19 eggs per kilogram; this was later replaced by the 16 eggs per kilogram of medium-type laying hens, with output measured by weight per unit time.
With changes in the egg sales market, maximum egg weight was based on medium-type chickens to increase egg weight and to improve the feed nutrition requirements when output was calculated by weight. Its dominant features were the use of fish meal and amino acid research. High fish meal brought larger egg weight but also produced more mortality and culling rates, prolapse and other problems; it also provided opportunities for the later market introduction of large-type chicken breeds.
After experiencing the requirements of maximum laying rate and maximum egg weight, it was gradually recognized that optimal benefit technology is the fundamental requirement of layer hen production. Therefore, layer hen rearing requirements include feed cost, optimal egg weight, peak laying time, and now pollution-free, functional eggs, free-range eggs and other requirements, making layer hen rearing requirements more detailed and complex.
Principles of optimal benefit formula:
The current optimal benefit formula technology is based on minimum production cost, that is, the minimum cost to produce the same quantity or weight of eggs, or producing the same quantity of eggs at minimum cost.
Using minimum cost as the target parameter, the design basis is the minimum daily feed cost of laying hens.
From the above analysis, it can be seen that the feed intake of laying hens is based on the effective energy provided by the feed. The daily energy requirement determines the feed intake, and the daily requirements of other nutrients can be precisely known. In this way, through feed intake design, high-yield layer hen feeds of different grades and feed standards of different nutrient concentrations can be produced; within a certain range of raw material selection, feeds with different formula costs can be produced.
Taking feed unit price * daily feed intake = daily feed cost of laying hens as the object, its minimum value is the lowest feeding cost formula (optimal benefit formula), with the condition that: laying rate and egg weight are consistent.
Layer hen feed formula design method and feeding management based on the principle of selective feeding:
Due to the existence of the selective feeding phenomenon in laying hens, this laid the foundation for a new layer hen feed formula method, and the supporting feeding management (feeding method) was also adjusted according to its principles; success was achieved in experiments from 1998-2001, and the feed formula cost was reduced by 8%, feed intake under free feeding was reduced by about 10%, the broken egg rate was greatly reduced, and benefits increased by about 20%. The related formula technology is currently held by Guangzhou Zongtai. (Lu Liang)
--------------------------------------
Body condition correction: With complete feathers, follow the above algorithm; with sparse or missing feathers, the metabolizable energy requirement increases.
Thank you, benefited greatly!
--------------------------------------
Thanks to the original poster for sharing, bookmarked.
--------------------------------------
Very good article, benefited greatly! Thanks for sharing!
--------------------------------------
Thanks for sharing, benefited
--------------------------------------
Competition in the feed industry means many layer hen feed designs cannot be done as strictly as this!
--------------------------------------
Very well written, benefited a lot from it!
--------------------------------------
Listening to your words is worth reading ten years of books! Haha......
--------------------------------------
I'll bookmark it too, and go back to study it carefully. Mastering the method is the most important thing
--------------------------------------
Completely free good material, many thanks.
--------------------------------------
Many thanks
--------------------------------------
This seems to be the work of Dr. Lu Liang, learned from it
Layer Hen Feed Formula Design Procedures
1. First determine the daily feed intake of high-yield laying hens. The feed intake of laying hens is determined by their daily energy requirement, which is the basic principle and foundation of layer hen feed design, and also an important factor in assessing the grade of layer hen feed from competing companies.
2. Determine the optimal daily protein requirement for layer hen feed, which is divided into three approaches: maximum laying rate design, maximum egg weight design, and optimal benefit formula design.
3. Determine the daily calcium requirement.
4. Based on the above required parameters, determine other formula parameters and formula standards.
5. Based on the above parameters, select the diet structure, processing parameters, and feed form matching issues.
Specific calculation and processing parameter examples: (using Lohmann Brown medium-type laying hens as an example)
Environmental standard requirements: Lohmann Brown medium-type, ambient temperature 21 degrees, relative humidity 50-70%, standard body weight 1.45 kg.
Suitable body weight at onset of lay is 1.45 kg; it is recommended to strengthen management to reach 1.48-1.50 kg, which helps extend the laying period and improve laying uniformity, and makes it easier to obtain larger eggs (this benefit is greater than the benefit from earlier onset of lay).
Metabolizable energy requirement under standard environmental conditions: 307 kcal/day per bird, daily calcium requirement 3.4-3.6 grams, minimum protein requirement to satisfy maximum egg weight is 18.6 grams/day per bird. Now designing a peak feed with a peak feed intake of 118 grams/day per bird:
Metabolizable energy requirement: 307/0.118=2600 kcal/kg;
Dietary calcium requirement: 3.4 grams/118 grams=2.88%-3.05% (considering processing and quality variation, 3.05% is applicable);
Protein requirement: 18.6/118=15.76%;
To satisfy the minimum protein digestion requirement, the minimum ratio of lysine to crude protein shall not be less than 4.6%, lysine requirement is 15.76*4.6%=0.725%; methionine:lysine=0.45:1, methionine is 0.326%.
Based on the principle of selective feeding of laying hens, the selected raw materials include corn, crushed into 2-4 pieces; soybean meal, coarsely crushed or added directly depending on the source; cottonseed meal, directly added after removing larger particles depending on the source; rapeseed meal added directly; sunflower seed meal, coarsely crushed and added directly; fish meal, fish protein concentrate, pork cracklings..., added directly; wheat bran added directly; use iodized salt, use dicalcium phosphate or bone meal, added directly; the calculated calcium content and the total calcium from fine limestone powder that may be added is: about 1.0%; select a mixture of granular limestone powder and shell powder to supplement the remaining calcium.
Formula correction:
Body weight correction: For every 1 kg increase in body weight of laying hens, the metabolizable energy requirement increases by 36 kcal/d. That is, when Lohmann Brown reaches 2000 grams in the later period, it needs to gain 550 grams of body weight, requiring 36*0.55=19.8 kcal/d; note 19.8/2600=8 grams/day, total feed intake is 118+8=126 grams; that is, under standard environment, the feed intake is 126 grams.
Environmental correction: For every 1 degree increase or decrease in temperature, metabolizable energy increases or decreases by 2 kcal/kg per kg of body weight. The suitable range is 15-27 degrees. Below 15 degrees, consider environmental improvement; above 27 degrees, consider heat stress.
Body condition correction: With complete feathers, follow the above algorithm; with sparse or missing feathers, the metabolizable energy requirement increases.
Necessity of fat addition: Fat not only serves as an important energy source, but is also a source for heat stress resistance and certain important nutrients for laying hens. At the same time, adding fat to the feed reduces dust and improves the feeding performance of laying hens, especially when there is excessive fine material present, which would affect the achievement of feeding targets.
Quality competition issues (designing products to attack competitors):
Based on the above principles, by investigating the feed usage of competitors, their product positioning can be basically determined. Laying hens exhibit a feeding phenomenon: inertial feeding; that is, when changing feed, laying hens will follow the previous day's feed intake. When the designed diet nutrient concentration is higher than the previous feed, due to inertial feeding, the daily nutrient intake increases, resulting in increased or unchanged egg production. But when it is lower than the previous feed, the laying rate decreases, which is also the main factor why layer hen feed customers are unwilling to change feed. Another issue is the formula structure, mainly the impact of digestibility. Generally, after feed change, normal feed intake resumes in 3-7 days, but for winning the market, customer feed changes have positive significance. When changing feed, the energy issue should first be considered. Based on the above algorithm, it is easy to calculate the competitor's metabolizable energy parameters, and combined with laboratory testing, what other parameters could be problematic?
Technical principles and determination methods for optimal benefit formula for laying hens:
The technical fact of maximum laying rate is a stage that was later determined to distinguish formula requirements for different periods. It was the formula requirement in the early period when eggs were appropriately calculated and sold by "dozen" or "number." At that time, the main laying hen breed was the white-shell layer represented by "Shaver 288"; vitamin supply and protein research, especially energy and protein research, were the main characteristics of this period; generally about 17-19 eggs per kilogram; this was later replaced by the 16 eggs per kilogram of medium-type laying hens, with output measured by weight per unit time.
With changes in the egg sales market, maximum egg weight was based on medium-type chickens to increase egg weight and to improve the feed nutrition requirements when output was calculated by weight. Its dominant features were the use of fish meal and amino acid research. High fish meal brought larger egg weight but also produced more mortality and culling rates, prolapse and other problems; it also provided opportunities for the later market introduction of large-type chicken breeds.
After experiencing the requirements of maximum laying rate and maximum egg weight, it was gradually recognized that optimal benefit technology is the fundamental requirement of layer hen production. Therefore, layer hen rearing requirements include feed cost, optimal egg weight, peak laying time, and now pollution-free, functional eggs, free-range eggs and other requirements, making layer hen rearing requirements more detailed and complex.
Principles of optimal benefit formula:
The current optimal benefit formula technology is based on minimum production cost, that is, the minimum cost to produce the same quantity or weight of eggs, or producing the same quantity of eggs at minimum cost.
Using minimum cost as the target parameter, the design basis is the minimum daily feed cost of laying hens.
From the above analysis, it can be seen that the feed intake of laying hens is based on the effective energy provided by the feed. The daily energy requirement determines the feed intake, and the daily requirements of other nutrients can be precisely known. In this way, through feed intake design, high-yield layer hen feeds of different grades and feed standards of different nutrient concentrations can be produced; within a certain range of raw material selection, feeds with different formula costs can be produced.
Taking feed unit price * daily feed intake = daily feed cost of laying hens as the object, its minimum value is the lowest feeding cost formula (optimal benefit formula), with the condition that: laying rate and egg weight are consistent.
Layer hen feed formula design method and feeding management based on the principle of selective feeding:
Due to the existence of the selective feeding phenomenon in laying hens, this laid the foundation for a new layer hen feed formula method, and the supporting feeding management (feeding method) was also adjusted according to its principles; success was achieved in experiments from 1998-2001, and the feed formula cost was reduced by 8%, feed intake under free feeding was reduced by about 10%, the broken egg rate was greatly reduced, and benefits increased by about 20%. The related formula technology is currently held by Guangzhou Zongtai. (Lu Liang)
--------------------------------------
Body condition correction: With complete feathers, follow the above algorithm; with sparse or missing feathers, the metabolizable energy requirement increases.
Thank you, benefited greatly!
--------------------------------------
Thanks to the original poster for sharing, bookmarked.
--------------------------------------
Very good article, benefited greatly! Thanks for sharing!
--------------------------------------
Thanks for sharing, benefited
--------------------------------------
Competition in the feed industry means many layer hen feed designs cannot be done as strictly as this!
--------------------------------------
Very well written, benefited a lot from it!
--------------------------------------
Listening to your words is worth reading ten years of books! Haha......
--------------------------------------
I'll bookmark it too, and go back to study it carefully. Mastering the method is the most important thing
--------------------------------------
Completely free good material, many thanks.
--------------------------------------
Many thanks
--------------------------------------
This seems to be the work of Dr. Lu Liang, learned from it