Key Technical Points and Precautions of Immunization: A Detailed Explanation
Immunization
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(4) Immunization
1. Types of preventable diseases. Immunization is an extremely important part of the disease prevention system on large-scale pig farms.
(1) Routine disease prevention: including swine fever, swine erysipelas, swine pasteurellosis, piglet paratyphoid, foot-and-mouth disease, etc.
(2) Diseases that breeding pigs must be protected against: mainly viral diseases such as Japanese encephalitis, porcine parvovirus disease, and pseudorabies. These diseases mainly cause reproductive disorders in sows and cause massive deaths among newborn piglets and weaned piglets. Because such diseases are highly harmful and there is no possibility of treatment, only immunization can make it possible to control their harm.
(3) Diseases for which prevention is optional: mainly swine colibacillosis (piglet yellow scour, white scour, edema disease), piglet red scour, swine streptococcosis, infectious atrophic rhinitis of swine, swine enzootic pneumonia, transmissible gastroenteritis of swine, porcine epidemic diarrhea, swine chlamydiosis, porcine contagious pleuropneumonia, and other diseases. Immunization may be carried out selectively according to the actual situation of the region and the farm.
2. Precautions in the use of vaccines
(1) Transport and storage of vaccines: pig vaccines can be roughly divided into freeze-dried vaccines and liquid vaccines. The preservation time of freeze-dried vaccines shortens accordingly as the storage temperature rises. Below -15, it is more than 1 year; at 4-8, about 6 months; the higher the temperature, the shorter the preservation time. Such vaccines must never be repeatedly frozen, nor should they be exposed to high temperatures; 4-8 is appropriate.
(2) Quality of vaccines: freeze-dried vaccines should be checked for vacuum degree. The quality of vaccines that have lost vacuum has definitely declined to some extent. Oil-emulsion inactivated vaccines must be fully shaken before use. If an oil-emulsion vaccine shows layering of the oil phase and water phase, it should be discarded, because even manual shaking makes it difficult to fully mix the antigen and adjuvant, leading to immunization failure in some pigs during vaccination.
(3) Quality of vaccine injection: 1. Dilute strictly according to the required method; 2. Use within the specified time after dilution; 3. After immunization with live bacterial vaccines, antibacterial drugs must not be used on pigs within the specified time; 4. Strictly disinfect injection equipment, injection sites, etc., and replace needles to prevent cross-infection and iatrogenic transmission.
(5) Deworming
As with preventive injection, livestock owners have increasingly high requirements for deworming drugs. The new generation of antibiotic deworming drugs, ivermectin and avermectin, are not only effective against intestinal parasites but also have very good killing power against swine sarcoptic mange. Chonmankexing and Chonmanjing produced by the College of Veterinary Medicine of Huazhong Agricultural University have achieved very good results in controlling the harm of internal and external parasites on pig farms.
(6) Drug prevention
On large-scale pig farms, in addition to using immunization injections to prevent and control some infectious diseases, drugs can also be administered to relevant groups (via drinking water or mixed into feed) at the early stage when the pig herd may become ill, which can be effective. Chuanhuning, used as preventive or therapeutic medication, has achieved very good clinical results. Specifically, 200 g (prevention)-400 g (treatment)/ton of feed, fed continuously for 5-7 days, has a very good effect on preventing or treating bacterial diseases of the respiratory and digestive tracts.
(7) Disease surveillance, routine diagnosis and treatment, and epidemic eradication
The above diseases can be monitored.
Pig immunization program (for reference)
I. Sows:
Before mating for first-litter sows:
30 days Parvovirus inactivated oil vaccine
25 days Pseudorabies inactivated vaccine (concentrated)
20 days Japanese encephalitis attenuated freeze-dried vaccine
Before farrowing for first-litter sows:
30 days Swine colibacillosis vaccine
25 days Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome live vaccine
II. Commercial pigs
1 hour after birth before sucking colostrum, swine fever lapinized attenuated vaccine, pre-immunization
7 days of age Swine atrophic rhinitis (AR) oil-emulsion inactivated vaccine
28 days of age Swine fever lapinized attenuated vaccine
35 days of age Porcine contagious pleuropneumonia oil vaccine
40 days of age Swine pseudorabies + foot-and-mouth disease genetically engineered vaccine
60 days of age Swine fever, swine erysipelas, and swine pasteurellosis triple vaccine
Each farm can choose to prevent other diseases according to its own actual situation.
The above content is for reference only.
--------------------------------------
Immunization is the first key point in comprehensive prevention and control measures for animal diseases.
(4) Immunization
1. Types of preventable diseases. Immunization is an extremely important part of the disease prevention system on large-scale pig farms.
(1) Routine disease prevention: including swine fever, swine erysipelas, swine pasteurellosis, piglet paratyphoid, foot-and-mouth disease, etc.
(2) Diseases that breeding pigs must be protected against: mainly viral diseases such as Japanese encephalitis, porcine parvovirus disease, and pseudorabies. These diseases mainly cause reproductive disorders in sows and cause massive deaths among newborn piglets and weaned piglets. Because such diseases are highly harmful and there is no possibility of treatment, only immunization can make it possible to control their harm.
(3) Diseases for which prevention is optional: mainly swine colibacillosis (piglet yellow scour, white scour, edema disease), piglet red scour, swine streptococcosis, infectious atrophic rhinitis of swine, swine enzootic pneumonia, transmissible gastroenteritis of swine, porcine epidemic diarrhea, swine chlamydiosis, porcine contagious pleuropneumonia, and other diseases. Immunization may be carried out selectively according to the actual situation of the region and the farm.
2. Precautions in the use of vaccines
(1) Transport and storage of vaccines: pig vaccines can be roughly divided into freeze-dried vaccines and liquid vaccines. The preservation time of freeze-dried vaccines shortens accordingly as the storage temperature rises. Below -15, it is more than 1 year; at 4-8, about 6 months; the higher the temperature, the shorter the preservation time. Such vaccines must never be repeatedly frozen, nor should they be exposed to high temperatures; 4-8 is appropriate.
(2) Quality of vaccines: freeze-dried vaccines should be checked for vacuum degree. The quality of vaccines that have lost vacuum has definitely declined to some extent. Oil-emulsion inactivated vaccines must be fully shaken before use. If an oil-emulsion vaccine shows layering of the oil phase and water phase, it should be discarded, because even manual shaking makes it difficult to fully mix the antigen and adjuvant, leading to immunization failure in some pigs during vaccination.
(3) Quality of vaccine injection: 1. Dilute strictly according to the required method; 2. Use within the specified time after dilution; 3. After immunization with live bacterial vaccines, antibacterial drugs must not be used on pigs within the specified time; 4. Strictly disinfect injection equipment, injection sites, etc., and replace needles to prevent cross-infection and iatrogenic transmission.
(5) Deworming
As with preventive injection, livestock owners have increasingly high requirements for deworming drugs. The new generation of antibiotic deworming drugs, ivermectin and avermectin, are not only effective against intestinal parasites but also have very good killing power against swine sarcoptic mange. Chonmankexing and Chonmanjing produced by the College of Veterinary Medicine of Huazhong Agricultural University have achieved very good results in controlling the harm of internal and external parasites on pig farms.
(6) Drug prevention
On large-scale pig farms, in addition to using immunization injections to prevent and control some infectious diseases, drugs can also be administered to relevant groups (via drinking water or mixed into feed) at the early stage when the pig herd may become ill, which can be effective. Chuanhuning, used as preventive or therapeutic medication, has achieved very good clinical results. Specifically, 200 g (prevention)-400 g (treatment)/ton of feed, fed continuously for 5-7 days, has a very good effect on preventing or treating bacterial diseases of the respiratory and digestive tracts.
(7) Disease surveillance, routine diagnosis and treatment, and epidemic eradication
The above diseases can be monitored.
Pig immunization program (for reference)
I. Sows:
Before mating for first-litter sows:
30 days Parvovirus inactivated oil vaccine
25 days Pseudorabies inactivated vaccine (concentrated)
20 days Japanese encephalitis attenuated freeze-dried vaccine
Before farrowing for first-litter sows:
30 days Swine colibacillosis vaccine
25 days Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome live vaccine
II. Commercial pigs
1 hour after birth before sucking colostrum, swine fever lapinized attenuated vaccine, pre-immunization
7 days of age Swine atrophic rhinitis (AR) oil-emulsion inactivated vaccine
28 days of age Swine fever lapinized attenuated vaccine
35 days of age Porcine contagious pleuropneumonia oil vaccine
40 days of age Swine pseudorabies + foot-and-mouth disease genetically engineered vaccine
60 days of age Swine fever, swine erysipelas, and swine pasteurellosis triple vaccine
Each farm can choose to prevent other diseases according to its own actual situation.
The above content is for reference only.
--------------------------------------
Immunization is the first key point in comprehensive prevention and control measures for animal diseases.