Detailed Explanation of Piglet Nutritional Requirements and Feed Ingredient Selection Methods
Piglet Nutritional Requirements and Feed Ingredient Selection
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Piglet Nutritional Requirements and Feed Ingredient Selection
Core tips:
When formulating piglet feed, the first consideration should be the piglet's own digestive physiological factors. Suckling piglets grow rapidly, have vigorous material metabolism, and strong nutrient utilization capacity, but their digestive system is not yet fully developed, the digestive organs are underdeveloped, with small volume and incomplete function, insufficient secretion of digestive enzymes, and low digestive capacity for feed. They have certain allergic reactions to antigenic substances in feed, insufficient gastric acid secretion, lack of an acidic environment in the digestive tract, low ability to inhibit and kill pathogens, and pathogenic microorganism populations dominate in the digestive tract. Piglets are prone to diarrhea, so the formulation of piglet feed requires high technology, and raw material selection must also conform to the digestive physiological characteristics of piglets.
1 Energy requirements and raw material selection
Piglet diets should maintain a relatively high energy concentration and relatively low crude fiber, generally: digestible energy 14.7-15.5MJ/Kg, crude fiber not exceeding 4%. To achieve such a high-energy, low-crude-fiber level, vegetable oil must be added to piglet feed, or a relatively high proportion of full-fat extruded soybeans must be used in the formula. Piglets within 7 days of age can make good use of glucose and lactose as their energy sources, piglets after 7-10 days of age can utilize fructose and sucrose, and piglets within 2-3 weeks of age cannot utilize starch in large amounts as their energy source because of insufficient pancreatic amylase and intestinal disaccharidase in their digestive tract. However, weaned piglets can be based on plant-based feed with appropriate addition of components such as lactose.
High-protein whey powder contains more than 12% crude protein and 60%-70% lactose. Its main function lies in the lactose, and it is a commonly used energy source for formulating early-weaned piglet feed. Limited by cost and processing technology, 10% whey powder causes ring die blockage, so it is generally 3%-8%, and 15%-20% can be added in mash feed. In weaned piglet diets, adding high-protein whey powder can significantly improve the production performance of 3-4 week-old weaned piglets in the first 2 weeks.
Lactose has good palatability, is easy to digest and absorb (98%), and can produce lactic acid through fermentation, maintain piglet intestinal health, help digestion and prevent diarrhea, making it a good energy source for piglets. Lactose has better flowability than whey powder, so from the perspective of pelleting performance, lactose is a better raw material for suckling pig pellets than whey powder.
Oils and fats: Early-weaned piglets have decreased lipase activity and limited ability to utilize oils and fats. Research now shows that the shorter the fatty acid chain, the higher the absorption and utilization rate. The highest fat utilization rate for piglets is coconut oil, followed by corn oil and soybean oil, with lard and tallow being the worst. Adding a certain amount of oil and fat facilitates pelleting during feed processing, and adding 5%-6% fat can play a lubricating role during pelleting. In recent years, the use of feed emulsifiers has greatly improved the utilization rate of oils and fats.
Corn is a commonly used main energy raw material. Choose yellow corn with plump kernels, no mold spots, and good gloss, and carry out extrusion processing before processing. Moisture should be no higher than 14%, crude protein no lower than 8.5%, and crude fat content 3.5%. With plant researchers breeding high-protein, high-lysine corn and high-phytase corn, the application of corn will have even more nutritional value.
2 Protein levels and raw material selection
According to the theory of "ideal protein," the protein requirement of piglets is essentially the amino acid requirement. Research shows that piglets are not sensitive to low-protein diets; the key is to ensure the balance of various essential amino acids in the diet. Therefore, by adding some amino acids lacking in the diet, under relatively low dietary protein levels (usually 18%), amino acids can be balanced and good feeding results can still be achieved. The first, second, third, and fourth limiting amino acids in piglet diets are lysine, threonine, methionine, and tryptophan, respectively. Low-protein feed has advantages such as reducing the incidence of piglet diarrhea and scouring, reducing nitrogen emissions from pig farms, and lowering feed costs.
Piglet protein feed sources are very abundant, such as fish meal, plasma protein powder, soybean protein, extruded soybean meal, etc. In addition, high-protein whey powder contains 11%-12% protein and is also a very good protein source. Because soybeans contain various anti-nutritional factors and antigenic components that cause immunopathological reactions, leading to piglet indigestion and diarrhea, their usage in piglet diets should be limited. Full-fat extruded soybeans can be used, making it easy to formulate high-energy, high-protein diets. In the first-stage diet, in addition to selecting more high-quality raw materials, an appropriate amount of extruded soybean meal can be added so that piglets can adapt to soybean protein antigens very early before weaning.
Skim milk powder is also an important protein raw material for early-weaned piglets. It not only provides high-quality protein (more than 34%), but is also a source of lactose (more than 50%) for early-weaned piglets.
Plasma protein powder (SDPP): The active ingredient is immunoglobulin, with crude protein 70%-78% and lysine 6%-7.6%. Immunoglobulins can improve the survival rate of weaned piglets, reduce the number of diarrhea occurrences, and increase body weight. The methionine and isoleucine contents in porcine plasma protein powder are relatively low, so attention should be paid to the levels of these two amino acids.
High-quality imported fish meal not only has high crude protein content, rich amino acid content, and balanced composition, but also contains unknown growth factors, making it a very effective animal protein source in piglet feed.
Intestinal membrane protein is extracted and concentrated from intestinal mucosa. Because it contains high levels of digestive enzymes, 65% crude protein, and 12% crude fat, it can significantly promote the early maturation and improvement of the digestive system of young animals, improve feed digestion and absorption, and reduce stress. It is a high-quality animal-derived functional protein.
Extruded soybean meal or extruded soybeans: Plant protein feed usually contains various anti-nutritional factors. For example, the antigenic components in soybean protein - glycinin and beta-conglycinin - are the main causes of piglet intestinal damage and post-weaning diarrhea. The usage of soybean meal should be limited, preferably not exceeding 20%. The antigenic components in the protein can be partially reduced through soybean meal processing, such as extracting soybean meal or soybeans with 60%-70% hot ethanol, or through soybean meal extrusion processing, or by adopting extrusion technology, etc.
Fermented soybean meal: After fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis treatment, soybean meal effectively reduces anti-nutritional factors in soybean protein. In particular, fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis produce large amounts of small-molecule peptides, which are beneficial for the digestion and absorption of dietary protein and show good effects in reducing the diarrhea rate of weaned piglets. Weaning stress in piglets can lead to intestinal damage, digestive dysfunction, and low digestive enzyme activity, causing protein to not be well digested and absorbed, and then to putrefy in the large intestine. The ammonia and amine substances produced have toxic effects on the intestinal mucosa, and diarrhea worsens. Small peptides, especially 2-3 peptides, can be completely and effectively absorbed by piglets, reducing the production of ammonia gas and toxic amines in the posterior large intestine. At the same time, they can maintain normal digestive tract function and reduce the diarrhea rate. Small peptides can also strengthen the reproduction of beneficial bacterial flora, improve bacterial protein synthesis, and enhance disease resistance. In addition, certain active small peptides (such as Exorphines) can promote the small intestine development of young animals, stimulate the secretion of digestive enzymes, and improve the body's immune capacity and absorption capacity. Studies have shown that small peptides can effectively stimulate and induce increased activity of brush border enzymes in the small intestinal villus membrane and promote nutritional recovery in animals. In addition, the lactic acid content in fermented soybean meal is 3%, and the probiotic content is 1×107CFU/g. It can be considered that the reduction in weaned piglet diarrhea rate is the result of the combined action of the unique quality formed by special fermentation processing of soybean meal and various beneficial bioactive substances.
3 Application of additives
Additives are divided into nutritional additives and non-nutritional additives. Nutritional additives include amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Non-nutritional additives include enzyme preparations, acidifiers, antibiotics, antioxidants, mold inhibitors, and attractants.
Amino acids: As the lysine level in feed increases, piglet growth rate and feed utilization rate also increase. Other amino acids must maintain an appropriate balance with lysine to achieve optimal production performance. The lysine content in high-grade suckling pig feed reaches 1.4%, methionine:lysine 28:100; threonine:lysine 35:100; isoleucine:lysine ≦1:2. Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in sow milk (8%) and is the main energy source for piglet intestinal villus growth, maintaining the intestinal structure and function of early-weaned piglets. After weaning, endogenous glutamine from muscle and blood is insufficient to maintain intestinal villus integrity, leading to villus atrophy, diarrhea, and negative feedback inhibition of feed intake. Adding (1-2%) glutamine to piglet diets is beneficial for maintaining normal intestinal function and structure.
Application of high copper and high zinc: To control piglet diarrhea and promote growth, high copper is currently commonly used in piglet feed. Generally, 250mg/kg copper in the form of copper sulfate is added to weaned piglet diets, while the addition of iron and zinc should also be increased to suppress the toxic side effects of high copper. Because long-term feeding of high copper may cause gastric ulcers, in the third-stage piglet diet, the amount of copper added should be gradually reduced. Recent feeding practice has proven that high zinc is superior to high copper in controlling diarrhea and promoting growth, but the two have no additive effect. The amount of zinc added in weaned piglet feed is usually 3000mg/kg (provided in the form of zinc oxide).
Vitamins: Piglets need supplemental vitamin B6 when consuming high-protein diets and when pigs are given sulfonamides and antibiotics. Because choline can form methionine in the pig body, additional choline supplementation can reduce the pig's methionine requirement. Supplementing an appropriate amount of VC in piglet diets is beneficial for rapid growth.
Minerals: The calcium level in the diet should be controlled at 0.58%-0.8%, and the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio is preferably 1.2:1. Considering the issue of dietary acid-binding capacity, the phosphorus source for suckling pig feed can be monocalcium phosphate, and the calcium source can be calcium formate.
Antibiotics: Since the growth-promoting effect of antibiotics was discovered in the 1950s, antibiotics have been widely used. A large number of experimental results show that adding antibiotics can generally increase growth rate by 10%-20% and improve feed conversion rate by 5%-10%. The use of antibiotics has played a huge role in improving the health level of livestock and poultry and maximizing their growth potential, but microorganisms easily develop drug resistance and tolerance to antibiotics. With the expansion of the application scope and increase in types of antibiotics, their safety has attracted increasing attention.
Acidifiers, enzyme preparations, and microecological preparations: Common acid preparations include citric acid, fumaric acid, propionic acid, etc., which can lower intestinal pH, reduce the proliferation of harmful microorganisms in the stomach and small intestine, and thereby improve piglet production performance. For example: adding 2% fumaric acid to the diet of 3-week-old weaned piglets increases the digestibility of energy and protein by 3% respectively, but acid preparations need not be added to diets containing more dairy products. Adding enzyme preparations to piglet diets is to compensate for the decline in digestive enzyme activity in the body after weaning and improve feed digestion and utilization. Based on development in recent years, enzyme preparations have broad application prospects. Microecological preparations refer to microorganisms directly fed to animals, composed of live natural microorganisms such as lactobacilli, streptococci, yeasts, etc., which can improve the microecological balance in the piglet intestinal tract and reduce the occurrence of diarrhea.
Feeding attraction technology: Add some attractant with a special taste to lactating sow feed. Piglets become accustomed to the taste of this component through contact with the sow. After weaning, piglets will quickly become accustomed to suckling pig feed containing the same taste, which is the principle of consistent flavor between sow feed and suckling pig feed.
4 Effect of processing technology on suckling pig feed quality
Optimal grinding particle size control: The key to this technology is to grind various feed raw materials to the particle size most suitable for animal utilization, so that compound feed products can achieve optimal feeding efficiency and economic benefits.
Control of batching accuracy: Adopt error-free computer batching control technology so that the batching amount of each ingredient component can be precisely controlled in each batching. For trace additives, pre-batching and pre-mixing can be carried out, and a high-precision trace batching system can be used.
Mixing uniformity control: This includes mixing uniformity control technology for compound feed, concentrated feed, additive premixed feed, and liquid feed. Selecting an appropriate mixer and suitable mixing time and method is the key to ensuring mixing quality.
Pelleting quality control: In this regard, the first thing is to control the conditioning quality of the feed, that is, to control the conditioning temperature, time, water addition, and starch gelatinization degree, so that the conditioned state is most suitable for pelleting. Second, it is necessary to control the powdering rate of hard pellet feed, cooling temperature and moisture, and the uniformity, consistency, and water resistance of pellets. To achieve these requirements, it is necessary to be equipped with a reasonable steam supply and control system and conditioning, pelleting, cooling, and screening equipment, and to scientifically adjust control parameters according to different product requirements.
Control of feed cross-contamination: The main places where feed cross-contamination occurs include: spillage and mixing during storage; cross-contamination between different products caused by residues in transportation equipment; cross-contamination caused by residues in contaminated bins and buffer hoppers; cross-contamination caused by residues in processing equipment; cross-contamination caused by harmful microorganisms and insects, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt residue-free transportation equipment, bins, and processing equipment, as well as correct cleaning, sequencing, flushing, and other technologies and independent production lines to meet the ever-increasing feed safety and hygiene requirements.
--------------------------------------
I'll paste it out for you!
Piglet Nutritional Requirements and Feed Ingredient Selection
Core tips:
When formulating piglet feed, the first consideration should be the piglet's own digestive physiological factors. Suckling piglets grow rapidly, have vigorous material metabolism, and strong nutrient utilization capacity, but their digestive system is not yet fully developed, the digestive organs are underdeveloped, with small volume and incomplete function, insufficient secretion of digestive enzymes, and low digestive capacity for feed. They have certain allergic reactions to antigenic substances in feed, insufficient gastric acid secretion, lack of an acidic environment in the digestive tract, low ability to inhibit and kill pathogens, and pathogenic microorganism populations dominate in the digestive tract. Piglets are prone to diarrhea, so the formulation of piglet feed requires high technology, and raw material selection must also conform to the digestive physiological characteristics of piglets.
1 Energy requirements and raw material selection
Piglet diets should maintain a relatively high energy concentration and relatively low crude fiber, generally: digestible energy 14.7-15.5MJ/Kg, crude fiber not exceeding 4%. To achieve such a high-energy, low-crude-fiber level, vegetable oil must be added to piglet feed, or a relatively high proportion of full-fat extruded soybeans must be used in the formula. Piglets within 7 days of age can make good use of glucose and lactose as their energy sources, piglets after 7-10 days of age can utilize fructose and sucrose, and piglets within 2-3 weeks of age cannot utilize starch in large amounts as their energy source because of insufficient pancreatic amylase and intestinal disaccharidase in their digestive tract. However, weaned piglets can be based on plant-based feed with appropriate addition of components such as lactose.
High-protein whey powder contains more than 12% crude protein and 60%-70% lactose. Its main function lies in the lactose, and it is a commonly used energy source for formulating early-weaned piglet feed. Limited by cost and processing technology, 10% whey powder causes ring die blockage, so it is generally 3%-8%, and 15%-20% can be added in mash feed. In weaned piglet diets, adding high-protein whey powder can significantly improve the production performance of 3-4 week-old weaned piglets in the first 2 weeks.
Lactose has good palatability, is easy to digest and absorb (98%), and can produce lactic acid through fermentation, maintain piglet intestinal health, help digestion and prevent diarrhea, making it a good energy source for piglets. Lactose has better flowability than whey powder, so from the perspective of pelleting performance, lactose is a better raw material for suckling pig pellets than whey powder.
Oils and fats: Early-weaned piglets have decreased lipase activity and limited ability to utilize oils and fats. Research now shows that the shorter the fatty acid chain, the higher the absorption and utilization rate. The highest fat utilization rate for piglets is coconut oil, followed by corn oil and soybean oil, with lard and tallow being the worst. Adding a certain amount of oil and fat facilitates pelleting during feed processing, and adding 5%-6% fat can play a lubricating role during pelleting. In recent years, the use of feed emulsifiers has greatly improved the utilization rate of oils and fats.
Corn is a commonly used main energy raw material. Choose yellow corn with plump kernels, no mold spots, and good gloss, and carry out extrusion processing before processing. Moisture should be no higher than 14%, crude protein no lower than 8.5%, and crude fat content 3.5%. With plant researchers breeding high-protein, high-lysine corn and high-phytase corn, the application of corn will have even more nutritional value.
2 Protein levels and raw material selection
According to the theory of "ideal protein," the protein requirement of piglets is essentially the amino acid requirement. Research shows that piglets are not sensitive to low-protein diets; the key is to ensure the balance of various essential amino acids in the diet. Therefore, by adding some amino acids lacking in the diet, under relatively low dietary protein levels (usually 18%), amino acids can be balanced and good feeding results can still be achieved. The first, second, third, and fourth limiting amino acids in piglet diets are lysine, threonine, methionine, and tryptophan, respectively. Low-protein feed has advantages such as reducing the incidence of piglet diarrhea and scouring, reducing nitrogen emissions from pig farms, and lowering feed costs.
Piglet protein feed sources are very abundant, such as fish meal, plasma protein powder, soybean protein, extruded soybean meal, etc. In addition, high-protein whey powder contains 11%-12% protein and is also a very good protein source. Because soybeans contain various anti-nutritional factors and antigenic components that cause immunopathological reactions, leading to piglet indigestion and diarrhea, their usage in piglet diets should be limited. Full-fat extruded soybeans can be used, making it easy to formulate high-energy, high-protein diets. In the first-stage diet, in addition to selecting more high-quality raw materials, an appropriate amount of extruded soybean meal can be added so that piglets can adapt to soybean protein antigens very early before weaning.
Skim milk powder is also an important protein raw material for early-weaned piglets. It not only provides high-quality protein (more than 34%), but is also a source of lactose (more than 50%) for early-weaned piglets.
Plasma protein powder (SDPP): The active ingredient is immunoglobulin, with crude protein 70%-78% and lysine 6%-7.6%. Immunoglobulins can improve the survival rate of weaned piglets, reduce the number of diarrhea occurrences, and increase body weight. The methionine and isoleucine contents in porcine plasma protein powder are relatively low, so attention should be paid to the levels of these two amino acids.
High-quality imported fish meal not only has high crude protein content, rich amino acid content, and balanced composition, but also contains unknown growth factors, making it a very effective animal protein source in piglet feed.
Intestinal membrane protein is extracted and concentrated from intestinal mucosa. Because it contains high levels of digestive enzymes, 65% crude protein, and 12% crude fat, it can significantly promote the early maturation and improvement of the digestive system of young animals, improve feed digestion and absorption, and reduce stress. It is a high-quality animal-derived functional protein.
Extruded soybean meal or extruded soybeans: Plant protein feed usually contains various anti-nutritional factors. For example, the antigenic components in soybean protein - glycinin and beta-conglycinin - are the main causes of piglet intestinal damage and post-weaning diarrhea. The usage of soybean meal should be limited, preferably not exceeding 20%. The antigenic components in the protein can be partially reduced through soybean meal processing, such as extracting soybean meal or soybeans with 60%-70% hot ethanol, or through soybean meal extrusion processing, or by adopting extrusion technology, etc.
Fermented soybean meal: After fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis treatment, soybean meal effectively reduces anti-nutritional factors in soybean protein. In particular, fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis produce large amounts of small-molecule peptides, which are beneficial for the digestion and absorption of dietary protein and show good effects in reducing the diarrhea rate of weaned piglets. Weaning stress in piglets can lead to intestinal damage, digestive dysfunction, and low digestive enzyme activity, causing protein to not be well digested and absorbed, and then to putrefy in the large intestine. The ammonia and amine substances produced have toxic effects on the intestinal mucosa, and diarrhea worsens. Small peptides, especially 2-3 peptides, can be completely and effectively absorbed by piglets, reducing the production of ammonia gas and toxic amines in the posterior large intestine. At the same time, they can maintain normal digestive tract function and reduce the diarrhea rate. Small peptides can also strengthen the reproduction of beneficial bacterial flora, improve bacterial protein synthesis, and enhance disease resistance. In addition, certain active small peptides (such as Exorphines) can promote the small intestine development of young animals, stimulate the secretion of digestive enzymes, and improve the body's immune capacity and absorption capacity. Studies have shown that small peptides can effectively stimulate and induce increased activity of brush border enzymes in the small intestinal villus membrane and promote nutritional recovery in animals. In addition, the lactic acid content in fermented soybean meal is 3%, and the probiotic content is 1×107CFU/g. It can be considered that the reduction in weaned piglet diarrhea rate is the result of the combined action of the unique quality formed by special fermentation processing of soybean meal and various beneficial bioactive substances.
3 Application of additives
Additives are divided into nutritional additives and non-nutritional additives. Nutritional additives include amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Non-nutritional additives include enzyme preparations, acidifiers, antibiotics, antioxidants, mold inhibitors, and attractants.
Amino acids: As the lysine level in feed increases, piglet growth rate and feed utilization rate also increase. Other amino acids must maintain an appropriate balance with lysine to achieve optimal production performance. The lysine content in high-grade suckling pig feed reaches 1.4%, methionine:lysine 28:100; threonine:lysine 35:100; isoleucine:lysine ≦1:2. Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in sow milk (8%) and is the main energy source for piglet intestinal villus growth, maintaining the intestinal structure and function of early-weaned piglets. After weaning, endogenous glutamine from muscle and blood is insufficient to maintain intestinal villus integrity, leading to villus atrophy, diarrhea, and negative feedback inhibition of feed intake. Adding (1-2%) glutamine to piglet diets is beneficial for maintaining normal intestinal function and structure.
Application of high copper and high zinc: To control piglet diarrhea and promote growth, high copper is currently commonly used in piglet feed. Generally, 250mg/kg copper in the form of copper sulfate is added to weaned piglet diets, while the addition of iron and zinc should also be increased to suppress the toxic side effects of high copper. Because long-term feeding of high copper may cause gastric ulcers, in the third-stage piglet diet, the amount of copper added should be gradually reduced. Recent feeding practice has proven that high zinc is superior to high copper in controlling diarrhea and promoting growth, but the two have no additive effect. The amount of zinc added in weaned piglet feed is usually 3000mg/kg (provided in the form of zinc oxide).
Vitamins: Piglets need supplemental vitamin B6 when consuming high-protein diets and when pigs are given sulfonamides and antibiotics. Because choline can form methionine in the pig body, additional choline supplementation can reduce the pig's methionine requirement. Supplementing an appropriate amount of VC in piglet diets is beneficial for rapid growth.
Minerals: The calcium level in the diet should be controlled at 0.58%-0.8%, and the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio is preferably 1.2:1. Considering the issue of dietary acid-binding capacity, the phosphorus source for suckling pig feed can be monocalcium phosphate, and the calcium source can be calcium formate.
Antibiotics: Since the growth-promoting effect of antibiotics was discovered in the 1950s, antibiotics have been widely used. A large number of experimental results show that adding antibiotics can generally increase growth rate by 10%-20% and improve feed conversion rate by 5%-10%. The use of antibiotics has played a huge role in improving the health level of livestock and poultry and maximizing their growth potential, but microorganisms easily develop drug resistance and tolerance to antibiotics. With the expansion of the application scope and increase in types of antibiotics, their safety has attracted increasing attention.
Acidifiers, enzyme preparations, and microecological preparations: Common acid preparations include citric acid, fumaric acid, propionic acid, etc., which can lower intestinal pH, reduce the proliferation of harmful microorganisms in the stomach and small intestine, and thereby improve piglet production performance. For example: adding 2% fumaric acid to the diet of 3-week-old weaned piglets increases the digestibility of energy and protein by 3% respectively, but acid preparations need not be added to diets containing more dairy products. Adding enzyme preparations to piglet diets is to compensate for the decline in digestive enzyme activity in the body after weaning and improve feed digestion and utilization. Based on development in recent years, enzyme preparations have broad application prospects. Microecological preparations refer to microorganisms directly fed to animals, composed of live natural microorganisms such as lactobacilli, streptococci, yeasts, etc., which can improve the microecological balance in the piglet intestinal tract and reduce the occurrence of diarrhea.
Feeding attraction technology: Add some attractant with a special taste to lactating sow feed. Piglets become accustomed to the taste of this component through contact with the sow. After weaning, piglets will quickly become accustomed to suckling pig feed containing the same taste, which is the principle of consistent flavor between sow feed and suckling pig feed.
4 Effect of processing technology on suckling pig feed quality
Optimal grinding particle size control: The key to this technology is to grind various feed raw materials to the particle size most suitable for animal utilization, so that compound feed products can achieve optimal feeding efficiency and economic benefits.
Control of batching accuracy: Adopt error-free computer batching control technology so that the batching amount of each ingredient component can be precisely controlled in each batching. For trace additives, pre-batching and pre-mixing can be carried out, and a high-precision trace batching system can be used.
Mixing uniformity control: This includes mixing uniformity control technology for compound feed, concentrated feed, additive premixed feed, and liquid feed. Selecting an appropriate mixer and suitable mixing time and method is the key to ensuring mixing quality.
Pelleting quality control: In this regard, the first thing is to control the conditioning quality of the feed, that is, to control the conditioning temperature, time, water addition, and starch gelatinization degree, so that the conditioned state is most suitable for pelleting. Second, it is necessary to control the powdering rate of hard pellet feed, cooling temperature and moisture, and the uniformity, consistency, and water resistance of pellets. To achieve these requirements, it is necessary to be equipped with a reasonable steam supply and control system and conditioning, pelleting, cooling, and screening equipment, and to scientifically adjust control parameters according to different product requirements.
Control of feed cross-contamination: The main places where feed cross-contamination occurs include: spillage and mixing during storage; cross-contamination between different products caused by residues in transportation equipment; cross-contamination caused by residues in contaminated bins and buffer hoppers; cross-contamination caused by residues in processing equipment; cross-contamination caused by harmful microorganisms and insects, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt residue-free transportation equipment, bins, and processing equipment, as well as correct cleaning, sequencing, flushing, and other technologies and independent production lines to meet the ever-increasing feed safety and hygiene requirements.