Complete Collection of Pharmacology Mnemonics to Help You Quickly Memorize Key Knowledge Points

Cholinergic Agonists
Cholinergic agonists fall into two classes: receptor activators and enzyme inhibitors;
Pilocarpine acts on the eye, used topically to treat glaucoma;
Neostigmine inhibits cholinesterase, mainly used to treat myasthenia gravis;
Physostigmine is highly toxic, used in ophthalmology to lower intraocular pressure.

Atropine
Tropane alkaloids like atropine inhibit glands and smooth muscle;
Pupils dilate and intraocular pressure rises, accommodation is paralyzed and heart rate quickens;
Large doses improve microcirculation, central excitation must be guarded against;
Its effects are broad with pros and cons, watch the cardiovascular system when using.
Clinical uses number six: gastrointestinal colic is relieved immediately;
Inhibit secretions before anesthesia, dilate pupils for refraction and fundus examination;
Prevent "iris-crystalline adhesion," can treat bradycardia;
For infective shock and spasm relief, it is the first choice for organophosphate poisoning.

Scopolamine
Scopolamine is markedly sedative, its hallmark is preventing motion sickness;
It can treat asthma and "tremor," the rest is like atropine,
Only it is not used for eye drops.

Epinephrine
An alpha and beta receptor agonist, epinephrine is the representative;
Blood vessels constrict and blood pressure rises, used in local anesthesia to prolong duration,
Local hemostasis is markedly effective, first choice for anaphylactic shock,
It excites the heart and dilates the bronchi, can relieve persistent asthma,
For cardiac arrest use the "triple combination," watch the cardiovascular system when using,
When alpha receptors are blocked, its pressor effect can be reversed.

Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine strongly constricts blood vessels, its pressor effect is not reversed,
It can only be given by slow intravenous drip, renal failure is very common,
Monitor urine output during use, for early shock use metaraminol.

Isoproterenol
Isoproterenol dilates the bronchi, it can relieve acute asthma attacks,
It dilates blood vessels to treat "infection," effect only shows when blood volume is replenished.
It excites the heart to restore heartbeat, accelerates conduction without disturbing rhythm,
In asthma with tolerance guard against sudden death, never choose it in hyperthyroidism and coronary heart disease.

Alpha Receptor Blockers
Alpha receptor blockers: phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine,
Dilate blood vessels to treat embolism, lower blood pressure and diagnose and treat tumors,
NA release increases cardiac force, used to treat shock and heart failure.

Beta Receptor Blockers
Beta receptor blockers, propranolol is the representative,
Clinically used to treat hypertension, arrhythmia and angina pectoris.
Remember three contraindications: asthma, heart failure, bradycardia.

Application of Efferent Nerve Drugs in Shock Treatment
(1) Types of drugs
Anti-shock drugs fall into two classes, distinguished by vasoconstriction or vasodilation;
Norepinephrine, epinephrine and metaraminol constrict blood vessels as one class;
Tropane alkaloids and isoproterenol, plus alpha receptor blockers;
There is also another class, dopamine, which dilates blood vessels and promotes circulation.
(2) Drug selection for common shock:
For anaphylactic shock choose epinephrine, combined with hormones the effect is enhanced;
For infective shock treat in stages: volume expansion, correcting acidosis, anti-infection,
Early stage requires vasodilation, anisodamine is the first choice;
Later treatment uses vasoconstriction, metaraminol replaces norepinephrine.
Cardiogenic shock must be handled with caution, only the "two amines" can be used.
Note: "Two amines" refers to dopamine and metaraminol

Local Anesthetics
Tetracaine surface anesthesia is highly toxic, procaine is safe but not for surface anesthesia;
Lidocaine is versatile but choose cautiously for spinal, commonly used for ventricular arrhythmia

Sedative-Hypnotics
Sedative-hypnotics: barbiturates, benzodiazepines like diazepam;
Anti-convulsant, anti-epileptic, anti-anxiety, central muscle relaxant diazepam.
Different doses produce different effects, overdose poisoning requires prompt rescue,
Gastric lavage, fluid replacement and oxygen, alkalinize urine to promote excretion.

Selection of Anti-epileptic Drugs
For petit mal epilepsy, first choice is ethosuximide;
For focal seizures and grand mal, phenytoin sodium and luminal;
Carbamazepine for psychiatric types, for status epilepticus use diazepam;
Increase dose slowly and withdraw gradually, persist in medication to prevent sudden withdrawal.
Antipsychotic Drugs
Antipsychotic chlorpromazine blocks dopamine receptors,
Sedative, antiemetic and hypothermic, artificial hibernation shows remarkable effect,
Long-term use is highly toxic, causes tremor paralysis and hypotension.

Analgesics
Morphine is a strong analgesic, highly addictive;
Respiratory depression is severe, choose with caution;
Analgesic effect is potent, stop in cardiac asthma;
Overdose causes poisoning, the antagonist is naloxone.

Antipyretic-Analgesic Drugs
Acetylsalicylic acid inhibits PGE;
Antipyretic and analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic;
Inhibits platelets, prevents and treats thrombosis;
Adverse reactions are many, "wei nin yang ming xian"

Central Nervous System Stimulants
CNS stimulants fall into two classes: cerebral stimulants like caffeine,
Nikethamide and lobeline act on the medulla oblongata;
Mainly treat respiratory depression, for children prefer lobeline,
For morphine poisoning use nikethamide, overdose can be fatal.

Antihypertensive Drugs
Central antihypertensive clonidine, peripheral antagonist reserpine,
Alpha-receptor blocker prazosin, vasodilator "hydralazine,"
Diuretic antihypertensive chlorothiazide, "tension conversion" captopril,
Strong arterial and venous dilator sodium nitroprusside, only chosen for crisis and myocardial infarction,
Combination, stepwise, individualized, pulmonary, hepatic and renal function must be carefully examined.

Selection of Antihypertensive Drugs
With coronary heart disease and angina, forbidden to use guanethidine and hydralazine,
Propranolol and nifedipine lower blood pressure and fight angina.
Cerebrovascular disease: cannot use guanethidine;
Renal function impairment: forbidden to use guanethidine and guanethidine,
Can use dopamine and clonidine, with ulcer, clonidine,
Psychiatric disorders with elevated blood pressure, first consider reserpine.

Antianginal Drugs
Antianginal drugs fall into three classes, nitrates dilate blood vessels,
Calcium influx blocker nifedipine, beta-receptor blocker propranolol;
Increase blood supply and reduce oxygen consumption, combined use adds efficacy.

Antiarrhythmic Drugs
Antiarrhythmic drugs are very complex, cardiac electrophysiology governs them.
Three ions: potassium, sodium, calcium; three drug classes are easily separated.
Reduce automaticity and eliminate reentry, the mechanism of arrhythmia in two sentences.
For slow arrhythmia use atropine, for ventricular arrhythmia "lidocaine."
For atrial fibrillation and flutter use digoxin, for cardiac glycoside poisoning use phenytoin.
Beta-receptor blockers for supraventricular, calcium influx blocker verapamil.
"Atrioventricular junction" it can correct, amiodarone, all-purpose efficacy.

Cardiac Glycosides
Cardiac glycosides come in slow, medium and fast types, enhance cardiac force and free calcium;
Positive inotropic effect is most fundamental, heart failure is the indication;
Slow heart rate and conduction, for atrial fibrillation, flutter and paroxysmal;
Toxic reactions in three aspects, arrhythmia can be fatal;
Maintenance therapy with digoxin, avoid calcium and supplement potassium, keep this firmly in mind.
Anticoagulant Drugs
Thrombotic disease requires anticoagulation; heparin acts strongly, quickly and reliably,
Anticoagulation applies both in vivo and in vitro; protamine antagonises it rapidly,
Dicoumarol acts only in vivo; for overdose poisoning add vitamin K,
Sodium citrate is used in vitro; during massive blood transfusion prevent hypocalcaemia.

Haemostatic Drugs
Prothrombin deficiency: choose vitamin K to correct it;
Factors II, VII, IX and X are synthesised in large amounts; poor liver function reduces the effect.

Injecting posterior pituitary extract is like an internal medicine haemostatic forceps;
Portal hypertension and pulmonary haemoptysis: contracting blood vessels shows the effect;
Diabetes insipidus symptoms can be treated; pay attention to the heart and blood vessels.

Hyperfibrinolysis bleeding disorder: aminomethylbenzoic acid can correct it;
Its action is fairly strong with low toxicity; beware of thrombus formation.

Diuretics
Diuretics are strong, medium and weak; they act on the kidney to excrete sodium;
Severe oedema and renal failure: choose furosemide for emergency rescue;
Medium-efficacy hydrochlorothiazide is commonly used; good effect in cardiac oedema,
Potassium-sparing diuretics are weak and poor in effect; use them in combination for all types of oedema;
With strong and medium agents guard against the 'four-one syndrome'; with weak agents watch out for potassium excess.
Note: 'four-one syndrome' refers to the four-lows-one-high syndrome of strong diuretics (low blood volume, low blood potassium, low blood sodium, hyperuricaemia) and the four-highs-one-low syndrome of medium-efficacy diuretics (high blood ammonia, high blood glucose, high blood urea nitrogen, hyperuricaemia, low blood potassium).

Anti-allergic Drugs
H1 receptor blockers: diphenhydramine is the representative;
Skin and mucous membrane allergies: choosing this drug can correct them;
For treating insomnia and stopping vomiting, its action is fairly strong and right on target;
Adverse reactions are relatively few; dry mouth and drowsiness are commonly seen.

Antacids
Antacid drugs come in many compound forms; they correct each other's shortcomings and increase the effect;
They neutralise gastric acid and protect the mucosa; the local action shows the effect.

Purgatives
Magnesium sulfate, a drastic purgative; different methods of use give different actions;
Oral use purges and promotes bile flow; it clears the bowels, removes toxins and expels worms;
Injection lowers blood pressure and relieves convulsions; used for eclampsia and tetanus;
Local hot compress reduces swelling and pain; it can be used only before suppuration;
During menstruation and in pregnant women use with caution; for reduced renal function choose the sodium salt;
For overdose poisoning do not panic; calcium salts are used for antagonism and detoxification.

Antitussives
Central antitussive codeine: effective for dry cough without phlegm,
Respiratory depression and easy addiction; safe and effective is pentoxyverine.

Expectorants
Nauseant expectorant ammonium chloride: excites the vagus and dilutes phlegm;
Mucolytic acetylcysteine: breaks disulfide bonds and changes the phlegm;
Prodrugs act locally after oral use; choose rationally without delay.

Anti-asthma Drugs
Anti-asthma drug aminophylline: inhibiting esterase shows the effect;
It relaxes tracheal smooth muscle; it can prevent and treat acute and chronic asthma;
It strengthens the heart, diureses and excites the brain; controlling the dose is very important.

XXXXX Stimulant Drugs
When choosing XXXXX stimulant drugs, mastering the dose is very important;
Relatively safe oxytocin is suitable both before and after delivery;
Ergot preparations are used after delivery; they can also treat migraine.

Antithyroid Drugs:
For medical treatment of hyperthyroidism, mainly choose thioureas;
Peroxidase is inhibited; onset is slow and the course of treatment long;
The drugs reduce granulocytes; regular blood tests are very important;
For thyroid crisis and before surgery, add large amounts of Lugol's solution;

Small doses of iodine prevent and treat endemic goitre; large doses counteract hyperthyroidism.
The peak effect is reached in two weeks; when using it, note 'iodine cold'.

Insulin:
In all types of severe diabetes, insulin must be supplemented;
Its hypoglycaemic action is fast and strong; it promotes blood glucose entry into cells;
It increases utilisation and storage; glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis decrease;
Reduced sources lower blood glucose; beware of shock and hypoglycaemia.

Oral Hypoglycaemic Drugs:
Two types of oral hypoglycaemic drugs; their action is slow and weak;
If islet function is lost, sulfonylureas are immediately ineffective;
Phenformin is still suitable; it cannot replace insulin.

X-ray Contrast Agents
X-ray contrast agents: clinical use of iodine, barium and gas;
Barium sulfate for gastrointestinal contrast; iodine agents for biliary and renal contrast;
For liver and kidney function tests: sulfobromophthalein sodium and phenolsulfonphthalein;
For examining the cardiovascular system: fluorescein sodium and azo blue;
If gastric function is to be examined, choose pentagastrin;
Air and oxygen can produce images; both are used for gynaecological contrast.
　
Penicillin
Narrow-spectrum bactericidal penicillin competes for bacterial transpeptidase;
Mucopeptide synthesis is interfered with; Gram-positive bacteria are killed;
Allergic reactions are a great danger: one ask, two test, three observe.
Note: one ask: ask about allergy history;
two test: perform a skin allergy test before medication;
three observe: observe for 30 minutes after medication.

Aminoglycosides
Aminoglycosides are bactericidal agents; they inhibit bacterial protein;
They are effective against Gram-negative bacilli; streptomycin and kanamycin also treat tuberculosis;
Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity are the most serious; control the dose and use with caution.

Streptomycin
Streptomycin: resistance develops easily, rapidly and to a high degree.
For general infections it is now seldom used; combination medication increases efficacy.
Combined with isoniazid, it treats tuberculosis;
Combined with penicillin, it stops endocarditis;
Used with tetracycline, it treats brucellosis;
Used with SD, it treats plague and rabbit fever.

Erythromycin
Macrolide erythromycin: an alkaline environment increases the effect;
Penicillin and erythromycin used together are incompatible; remember the salting-out phenomenon,
Lincomycin and erythromycin compete for the binding site; tetracycline and erythromycin together increase liver toxicity.

Tetracycline Antibacterial Spectrum
Effective against two bacteria, four bodies and one protozoan; basically ineffective against Pseudomonas and Proteus.
Note: two bacteria refer to bacteria and actinomycetes,
four bodies refer to rickettsiae, mycoplasmas, chlamydiae and spirochaetes,
one protozoan refers to Entamoeba.

Sulfonamide Antibacterial Spectrum
Two bacteria, one body and one protozoan, plus tuberculosis and leprosy.
Note: two bacteria refer to bacteria and actinomycetes, one body refers to chlamydiae, one protozoan refers to the malaria parasite.

Prevention of Sulfonamide Adverse Reactions
Alkalinise the urine and drink more water; check the routine urine test regularly.
Antituberculosis Drugs
Against tuberculosis isoniazid: strong in three ways and effective in all types;
Resistance develops quickly and toxicity is low; for nerve effects add vitamin B.

Disinfectants and Antiseptics
Nine classes of disinfectants and antiseptics: phenols, alcohols, aldehydes, acids and halogens;
Oxidising agents, dyes and heavy metals, and also surfactants,
They inhibit and kill microorganisms; choose external use, never oral.

Selection of Antimalarial Drugs
Chloroquine is used to control malaria; for radical cure add primaquine.
What to do when entering a malaria area? Pyrimethamine for prevention.
Primaquine has high toxicity; use it with caution in people with idiosyncratic constitution.

Mechanism of Action of Antimalarial Drugs
Chloroquine and quinine act on the erythrocytic stage; pyrimethamine on the erythro

Adverse Reactions of Chloroquine
Adverse reactions are relatively few: headache, tinnitus and gastrointestinal upset;
Long-term use tends to accumulate, so pay attention to the blood, heart, and eyes.

Metronidazole
Metronidazole works effectively, against protozoa, trichomonads, and anaerobic bacteria.
For intestinal and extraintestinal amoebiasis, it is the first choice with good results.

Rescue for organophosphate poisoning
Organophosphate poisoning has three types of symptoms: central, M-like, and skeletal muscle,
Rescue medication must be appropriate; for N-like symptoms, use pralidoxime,
For peripheral and central symptoms, use atropine, early, in sufficient doses, and repeatedly.


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