Summary of Reference Materials on Anticoccidial Drugs
Reference Materials on Anticoccidial Drugs
Sulfachloropyrazine Sodium Sulfachloropyrazine Sodium
Sulfachloropyrazine sodium
[Properties] This product is a white or pale yellow powder, easily soluble in water.
[Pharmacology] Sulfachloropyrazine sodium is a sulfonamide anticoccidial drug, mostly used for short-term application during coccidiosis outbreaks.
The peak anticoccidial activity of sulfachloropyrazine is against the second-generation schizonts of coccidia, and it also has some effect on first-generation schizonts. However, it is ineffective against the sexual cycle. The anticoccidial mechanism of action of this product is the same as that of sulfaquinoxaline.
This product is very similar in properties to sulfisoxazole. After oral administration, it is rapidly absorbed in the digestive tract, reaching peak blood concentration in 3-4 h, and is rapidly excreted through urine.
[Uses]
(1) Poultry The anticoccidial action characteristics of sulfachloropyrazine in poultry are similar to those of sulfaquinoxaline, and it has stronger antibacterial action, and can even treat fowl cholera and fowl typhoid. Therefore, it is most suitable for treatment during coccidiosis outbreaks.
The application of sulfachloropyrazine does not affect the host's immunity to coccidia.
(2) Others This product is also quite effective against rabbit coccidiosis. It can be administered at 600 g of sulfachloropyrazine sodium per 1000 kg of feed, fed continuously for 5-10 days.
For lamb coccidiosis, 1.2 mL of a 3% solution per 1 kg body weight can be given orally, continuously for 3-5 days.
[Precautions]
(1) Although the toxicity of this product is lower than that of sulfaquinoxaline, long-term application can still cause sulfonamide poisoning symptoms. Therefore, broiler chickens can only be given the recommended concentration for 3 consecutive days, and must not exceed 5 days at most.
(2) In view of the fact that most farms in China have used sulfonamide drugs (such as SQ, SM2, etc.) for decades, coccidia may have developed drug resistance, or even cross-resistance, to sulfonamide drugs. Therefore, if poor efficacy is observed, the drug should be replaced promptly.
(3) Prohibited for laying hens and chicken flocks over 16 weeks of age.
(4) Withdrawal period: 4 days for turkeys, 1 day for broiler chickens.
[Usage and Dosage] Sulfachloropyrazine sodium, mixed drinking water, 0.3 g per 1 L of water for poultry, continuously for 3 days
Sulfachloropyrazine sodium soluble powder, mixed drinking water, 1 g per 1 L of water for poultry, continuously for 3 days
[Preparations and Specifications] Sulfachloropyrazine sodium soluble powder 100 g: 30 g
Sulfachloropyrazine sodium soluble powder 100 g: 10 g
Toltrazuril Toltrazuril
Toltrazuril
[Pharmacology]
(1) Pharmacodynamics Toltrazuril belongs to the triazinone compounds and has broad-spectrum anticoccidial activity. It is widely used for chicken coccidiosis.
The anticoccidial mechanism of toltrazuril is still not very clear. Its action sites against coccidia are very extensive, and it acts on both asexual cycles of coccidia, such as inhibiting schizonts, nuclear division of microgametes, and wall formation bodies of microgametes.
Because this product interferes with the nuclear division and mitochondria of coccidia, affecting the respiratory and metabolic functions of the parasites, and also causes enlargement of the endoplasmic reticulum and severe vacuolization, it has a coccidiocidal effect.
(2) Pharmacokinetics After oral administration of toltrazuril to poultry, about 50% or more of the drug is absorbed. After absorption, the drug mainly accumulates in the liver and kidneys. However, it is rapidly metabolized into sulfone compounds. The half-life of the drug in chicks is about 2 days. However, recent data have confirmed that toltrazuril residues persist for a very long time in edible tissues of broiler chickens; residual drug can still be detected in breast muscle 24 days after drug withdrawal. Therefore, the United States had still not approved this product for marketing by the end of the 20th century.
[Uses]
(1) Poultry Toltrazuril is mainly used for poultry coccidiosis. This product has good inhibitory and killing effects against Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria brunetti, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria tenella, Eimeria necatrix, and Eimeria mitis in chickens; Eimeria adenoeides in turkeys; Eimeria meleagrimitis in turkeys; as well as Eimeria anseris and Eimeria truncata in geese. A single oral dose of 7 mg/kg or drinking water at a concentration of 25 mg/kg for 48 h not only effectively prevents coccidiosis and eliminates all coccidial oocysts, but also does not affect the growth and development of chicks or the development of immunity to coccidia.
(2) Sheep Giving lambs a single oral dose of 20 mg/kg or feeding medicated feed containing 10-15 mg/kg toltrazuril can effectively prevent and treat lamb coccidiosis.
(3) Rabbits Feeding medicated feed at 10-15 mg/kg is extremely effective against hepatic coccidiosis and intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits.
(4) Relevant data confirm that the withdrawal period for broiler chickens should be 19 days.
[Precautions]
(1) Continuous application easily causes coccidia to develop drug resistance, and even cross-resistance (diclazuril). Therefore, continuous application must not exceed 6 months.
(2) To prevent reduced efficacy of the diluted solution (the stability period of aqueous solutions of imported products is not less than 48 h), domestic products are best prepared and used immediately.
[Usage and Dosage] Mixed drinking water, 25 mg per 1 L of drinking water for poultry
[Preparations and Specifications] Toltrazuril solution (1) 100 mL: 2.5 g (2) 1000 mL: 25 g (3) 5000 mL: 125 g
Diclazuril Diclazuril
Diclazuril
[Properties] This product is an off-white or pale yellow powder; almost odorless. This product is slightly soluble in dimethylformamide, sparingly soluble in tetrahydrofuran, and almost insoluble in water and ethanol.
[Pharmacology] Diclazuril belongs to the triazine benzonitrile compounds and is a novel, high-efficiency, low-toxicity anticoccidial drug, widely used for chicken coccidiosis.
The anticoccidial mechanism of diclazuril is still not very clear. Its main peak action period against coccidia varies with different species and genera of coccidia. For example, its main action point against Eimeria tenella is at the sexual cycle of second-generation schizonts. However, it is ineffective against the schizonts of Eimeria maxima and Eimeria brunetti. Its action point against Eimeria maxima is at the zygote stage of coccidia; it is highly effective against the microgamete stage of Eimeria brunetti. Diclazuril also has an inhibitory effect on the formation of sporulated oocysts.
[Uses]
(1) Poultry Diclazuril has excellent effects against Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria brunetti, and Eimeria maxima in chickens. After medication, it can not only effectively control the occurrence and mortality of cecal coccidiosis, but can even eliminate all coccidial oocysts in sick chickens, making it truly an ideal coccidiocidal drug. Diclazuril is also highly effective against Eimeria mitis. According to clinical trials, the preventive and therapeutic effect of diclazuril on coccidiosis is superior to other conventionally used anticoccidial drugs and ionophore anticoccidial drugs such as monensin.
Tests have also proven that diclazuril remains effective against Eimeria tenella that is resistant to arprinocid, clopidol, halofuginone, robenidine, and monensin.
A feed concentration of 1 mg/kg can effectively control duck coccidiosis, and its effect even exceeds that of polyether antibiotics.
A feed concentration of 1 mg/kg diclazuril can effectively prevent and treat infections of Eimeria adenoeides, Eimeria meleagrimitis, Eimeria pavonis, and Eimeria dispersa in turkeys.
(2) Rabbits Feeding medicated feed at 1 mg/kg to rabbits has high efficacy against hepatic coccidiosis and intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits.
[Precautions]
(1) Because this product easily causes coccidia to develop drug resistance, and even cross-resistance (toltrazuril), continuous use must not exceed 6 months. When rotating drugs, drugs of the same class such as toltrazuril should also not be used.
(2) This product has a short duration of action. One day after drug withdrawal, its effect is basically gone. Therefore, broiler chickens must be continuously medicated to prevent another outbreak.
(3) Because the medication concentration is extremely low, the allowable variation range of the medicated feed is 0.8-1.2 mg/kg; otherwise, the efficacy will be affected. Therefore, the medicated feed must be thoroughly mixed.
(4) For drinking water solutions of diclazuril solution, the stability period stipulated in China is only 4 h. Therefore, it must be prepared and used immediately; otherwise, the efficacy will be affected.
(5) Withdrawal period: 5 days for broiler chickens.
[Usage and Dosage] Mixed feeding, 1 g per 1000 kg of feed for poultry
Diclazuril solution, mixed drinking water, 0.5-1 mg per 1 L of drinking water for poultry (active ingredient)
[Preparations and Specifications] Diclazuril premix (1) 100 g: 0.2 g (2) 100 g: 0.5 g
Diclazuril solution (1) 10 mL: 0.05 g (2) 20 mL: 0.1 g (3) 50 mL: 0.25 g
Robenidine Hydrochloride Robenidine Hydrochloride
Robenidine Hydrochoride
[Properties] This product is a white or pale yellow crystalline powder, odorless, bitter in taste; its color gradually darkens upon exposure to light. This product is slightly soluble in ethanol, very slightly soluble in chloroform, almost insoluble in water and ether, and slightly soluble in glacial acetic acid.
[Pharmacology] Robenidine belongs to the guanidine derivatives. It was once widely used for the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry and rabbits.
The anticoccidial mechanism of robenidine is to affect adenosine triphosphate and interfere with coccidial protein metabolism.
The main peak action period of robenidine against coccidia is mainly at the first-generation schizont stage; it can prevent schizonts from forming merozoites. In addition, some have confirmed that it also has an inhibitory effect on second-generation schizonts, and even has an inhibitory effect on oocyst development.
[Uses]
(1) Poultry Robenidine was once widely used in China as an anticoccidial drug for chickens. A feed concentration of 60 mg/kg has good preventive and therapeutic effects against single or mixed infections of Eimeria tenella, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria brunetti, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria acervulina, and Eimeria mitis. Its effect against Eimeria necatrix and Eimeria mitis is similar to that of clopidol (125 mg/kg). Its preventive effect against Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria brunetti is superior to that of clopidol.
According to tests, feeding chickens a low medicated feed concentration (30 mg/kg), although it does not affect the host's immunity to coccidia, does affect the anticoccidial effect. Therefore, for outbreaks of acute coccidiosis, a medicated feed concentration of 60 mg/kg is still preferable.
(2) Rabbits Apart from having a slightly weaker effect against Eimeria intestinalis in rabbits, robenidine has good preventive and therapeutic effects against most rabbit Eimeria species (such as Eimeria media, Eimeria irresidua, etc.).
[Precautions]
(1) Because long-term continuous application of robenidine has already caused severe coccidial drug resistance, most poultry farms have stopped using it for more than ten years. It is suggested that rational reapplication of robenidine may produce a relatively good anticoccidial effect.
(2) Feeding chickens a high feed concentration (60 mg/kg) can cause an unpleasant odor in chicken meat, chicken liver, and even eggs, but a low feed concentration (30 mg/kg) will not cause the above phenomenon. Therefore, for acute outbreak coccidiosis, it is advisable to first use a high medicated feed concentration and then use a low concentration for maintenance after 1-3 weeks.
(3) Some coccidia can still continue to survive for as long as 14 days when robenidine is applied. Therefore, stopping the drug too early often leads to recurrence of coccidiosis.
(4) Prohibited for laying hens.
(5) Withdrawal period: 5 days for poultry, 7 days for rabbits.
[Usage and Dosage] Oral administration, single dose, 10-15 mg per 1 kg body weight for poultry and rabbits
Robenidine hydrochloride premix, mixed feeding, 30-60 g per 1000 kg of feed for poultry (active ingredient), 100-150 g per 1000 kg of feed for rabbits (active ingredient)
[Preparations and Specifications] Robenidine hydrochloride tablets 10 mg
Robenidine hydrochloride premix (1) 100 g: 10 g (2) 500 g: 50 g
Halofuginone Hydrobromide Halofuginone Hydrobromide
Halofuginone Hydrobromide
Halofuginone hydrobromide is a quinazolinone substance obtained from a plant, Dichroa febrifuga.
[Properties] This product is a white or light gray crystalline powder.
[Pharmacology] Halofuginone is a relatively new broad-spectrum anticoccidial drug. It has advantages such as a small dosage and no cross-resistance.
Halofuginone has obvious inhibitory and killing effects on coccidial sporozoites, first-generation schizonts, and second-generation schizonts, preventing early lesions from continuing to develop and maintaining normal intestinal absorption function, thereby providing a good guarantee for animal weight gain.
The anticoccidial mechanism of halofuginone is still unclear.
After oral absorption of 14C-labeled halofuginone, it is rapidly metabolized and excreted from the body through feces.
[Uses] Halofuginone has inhibitory and killing effects on a variety of coccidia, and is especially sensitive to Eimeria tenella, Eimeria necatrix, and Eimeria maxima in chickens; even a feed concentration of 1-2 mg/kg is effective. Against Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria brunetti, as well as Eimeria meleagridis, Eimeria adenoeides, and Eimeria pavonis in turkeys, the recommended medicated feed concentration of 3 mg/kg must be used to prevent oocyst excretion.
Halofuginone remains effective against coccidia that have developed resistance to clopidol and quinoline drugs.
Abroad, halofuginone is also used for Theileria infections in cattle and Theileria infections in sheep and goats.
[Precautions]
(1) Halofuginone has a relatively narrow safety margin. The therapeutic concentration (3 mg/kg) is safe for chickens, turkeys, rabbits, etc., but it can inhibit the growth rate of waterfowl (geese, ducks). Guinea fowl are the most sensitive and are prone to poisoning and death. Because fish and aquatic organisms are extremely sensitive to this product, manure from medicated chickens and drug containers must never contaminate water sources.
(2) Recently, some have confirmed that because halofuginone inhibits type I collagen cell synthesis in poultry and mammals, it leads to skin tears in medicated poultry. The therapeutic concentration can affect the weight gain rate of healthy chicks, accelerate blood coagulation in turkeys, and affect turkey immunity to coccidia.
(3) A feed concentration of 6 mg/kg affects palatability, reducing feed (and drug) intake in sick chickens, and at 9 mg/kg most chickens refuse to eat. Therefore, the medicated feed must be thoroughly mixed. The uniformity is required to be between 2.1-3.9 mg/kg; otherwise, the efficacy will be affected.
(4) Due to continuous application, severe coccidial drug resistance has appeared in most chicken farms in China.
(5) Prohibited from being used together with other anticoccidial drugs.
(6) Prohibited for turkeys over 12 weeks of age, chickens over 8 weeks of age, laying hens, and waterfowl.
(7) Withdrawal period: 5 days for broiler chickens, 7 days for turkeys.
[Usage and Dosage] Mixed feeding, 3 g per 1000 kg of feed for poultry
[Preparations and Specifications] Halofuginone hydrobromide premix 1000 g: 6 g
---------------------
This person must be from a pharmaceutical factory; it looks just like the instructions for commonly used coccidiosis drugs, but it is still helpful.
Sulfachloropyrazine sodium
[Properties] This product is a white or pale yellow powder, easily soluble in water.
[Pharmacology] Sulfachloropyrazine sodium is a sulfonamide anticoccidial drug, mostly used for short-term application during coccidiosis outbreaks.
The peak anticoccidial activity of sulfachloropyrazine is against the second-generation schizonts of coccidia, and it also has some effect on first-generation schizonts. However, it is ineffective against the sexual cycle. The anticoccidial mechanism of action of this product is the same as that of sulfaquinoxaline.
This product is very similar in properties to sulfisoxazole. After oral administration, it is rapidly absorbed in the digestive tract, reaching peak blood concentration in 3-4 h, and is rapidly excreted through urine.
[Uses]
(1) Poultry The anticoccidial action characteristics of sulfachloropyrazine in poultry are similar to those of sulfaquinoxaline, and it has stronger antibacterial action, and can even treat fowl cholera and fowl typhoid. Therefore, it is most suitable for treatment during coccidiosis outbreaks.
The application of sulfachloropyrazine does not affect the host's immunity to coccidia.
(2) Others This product is also quite effective against rabbit coccidiosis. It can be administered at 600 g of sulfachloropyrazine sodium per 1000 kg of feed, fed continuously for 5-10 days.
For lamb coccidiosis, 1.2 mL of a 3% solution per 1 kg body weight can be given orally, continuously for 3-5 days.
[Precautions]
(1) Although the toxicity of this product is lower than that of sulfaquinoxaline, long-term application can still cause sulfonamide poisoning symptoms. Therefore, broiler chickens can only be given the recommended concentration for 3 consecutive days, and must not exceed 5 days at most.
(2) In view of the fact that most farms in China have used sulfonamide drugs (such as SQ, SM2, etc.) for decades, coccidia may have developed drug resistance, or even cross-resistance, to sulfonamide drugs. Therefore, if poor efficacy is observed, the drug should be replaced promptly.
(3) Prohibited for laying hens and chicken flocks over 16 weeks of age.
(4) Withdrawal period: 4 days for turkeys, 1 day for broiler chickens.
[Usage and Dosage] Sulfachloropyrazine sodium, mixed drinking water, 0.3 g per 1 L of water for poultry, continuously for 3 days
Sulfachloropyrazine sodium soluble powder, mixed drinking water, 1 g per 1 L of water for poultry, continuously for 3 days
[Preparations and Specifications] Sulfachloropyrazine sodium soluble powder 100 g: 30 g
Sulfachloropyrazine sodium soluble powder 100 g: 10 g
Toltrazuril Toltrazuril
Toltrazuril
[Pharmacology]
(1) Pharmacodynamics Toltrazuril belongs to the triazinone compounds and has broad-spectrum anticoccidial activity. It is widely used for chicken coccidiosis.
The anticoccidial mechanism of toltrazuril is still not very clear. Its action sites against coccidia are very extensive, and it acts on both asexual cycles of coccidia, such as inhibiting schizonts, nuclear division of microgametes, and wall formation bodies of microgametes.
Because this product interferes with the nuclear division and mitochondria of coccidia, affecting the respiratory and metabolic functions of the parasites, and also causes enlargement of the endoplasmic reticulum and severe vacuolization, it has a coccidiocidal effect.
(2) Pharmacokinetics After oral administration of toltrazuril to poultry, about 50% or more of the drug is absorbed. After absorption, the drug mainly accumulates in the liver and kidneys. However, it is rapidly metabolized into sulfone compounds. The half-life of the drug in chicks is about 2 days. However, recent data have confirmed that toltrazuril residues persist for a very long time in edible tissues of broiler chickens; residual drug can still be detected in breast muscle 24 days after drug withdrawal. Therefore, the United States had still not approved this product for marketing by the end of the 20th century.
[Uses]
(1) Poultry Toltrazuril is mainly used for poultry coccidiosis. This product has good inhibitory and killing effects against Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria brunetti, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria tenella, Eimeria necatrix, and Eimeria mitis in chickens; Eimeria adenoeides in turkeys; Eimeria meleagrimitis in turkeys; as well as Eimeria anseris and Eimeria truncata in geese. A single oral dose of 7 mg/kg or drinking water at a concentration of 25 mg/kg for 48 h not only effectively prevents coccidiosis and eliminates all coccidial oocysts, but also does not affect the growth and development of chicks or the development of immunity to coccidia.
(2) Sheep Giving lambs a single oral dose of 20 mg/kg or feeding medicated feed containing 10-15 mg/kg toltrazuril can effectively prevent and treat lamb coccidiosis.
(3) Rabbits Feeding medicated feed at 10-15 mg/kg is extremely effective against hepatic coccidiosis and intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits.
(4) Relevant data confirm that the withdrawal period for broiler chickens should be 19 days.
[Precautions]
(1) Continuous application easily causes coccidia to develop drug resistance, and even cross-resistance (diclazuril). Therefore, continuous application must not exceed 6 months.
(2) To prevent reduced efficacy of the diluted solution (the stability period of aqueous solutions of imported products is not less than 48 h), domestic products are best prepared and used immediately.
[Usage and Dosage] Mixed drinking water, 25 mg per 1 L of drinking water for poultry
[Preparations and Specifications] Toltrazuril solution (1) 100 mL: 2.5 g (2) 1000 mL: 25 g (3) 5000 mL: 125 g
Diclazuril Diclazuril
Diclazuril
[Properties] This product is an off-white or pale yellow powder; almost odorless. This product is slightly soluble in dimethylformamide, sparingly soluble in tetrahydrofuran, and almost insoluble in water and ethanol.
[Pharmacology] Diclazuril belongs to the triazine benzonitrile compounds and is a novel, high-efficiency, low-toxicity anticoccidial drug, widely used for chicken coccidiosis.
The anticoccidial mechanism of diclazuril is still not very clear. Its main peak action period against coccidia varies with different species and genera of coccidia. For example, its main action point against Eimeria tenella is at the sexual cycle of second-generation schizonts. However, it is ineffective against the schizonts of Eimeria maxima and Eimeria brunetti. Its action point against Eimeria maxima is at the zygote stage of coccidia; it is highly effective against the microgamete stage of Eimeria brunetti. Diclazuril also has an inhibitory effect on the formation of sporulated oocysts.
[Uses]
(1) Poultry Diclazuril has excellent effects against Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria brunetti, and Eimeria maxima in chickens. After medication, it can not only effectively control the occurrence and mortality of cecal coccidiosis, but can even eliminate all coccidial oocysts in sick chickens, making it truly an ideal coccidiocidal drug. Diclazuril is also highly effective against Eimeria mitis. According to clinical trials, the preventive and therapeutic effect of diclazuril on coccidiosis is superior to other conventionally used anticoccidial drugs and ionophore anticoccidial drugs such as monensin.
Tests have also proven that diclazuril remains effective against Eimeria tenella that is resistant to arprinocid, clopidol, halofuginone, robenidine, and monensin.
A feed concentration of 1 mg/kg can effectively control duck coccidiosis, and its effect even exceeds that of polyether antibiotics.
A feed concentration of 1 mg/kg diclazuril can effectively prevent and treat infections of Eimeria adenoeides, Eimeria meleagrimitis, Eimeria pavonis, and Eimeria dispersa in turkeys.
(2) Rabbits Feeding medicated feed at 1 mg/kg to rabbits has high efficacy against hepatic coccidiosis and intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits.
[Precautions]
(1) Because this product easily causes coccidia to develop drug resistance, and even cross-resistance (toltrazuril), continuous use must not exceed 6 months. When rotating drugs, drugs of the same class such as toltrazuril should also not be used.
(2) This product has a short duration of action. One day after drug withdrawal, its effect is basically gone. Therefore, broiler chickens must be continuously medicated to prevent another outbreak.
(3) Because the medication concentration is extremely low, the allowable variation range of the medicated feed is 0.8-1.2 mg/kg; otherwise, the efficacy will be affected. Therefore, the medicated feed must be thoroughly mixed.
(4) For drinking water solutions of diclazuril solution, the stability period stipulated in China is only 4 h. Therefore, it must be prepared and used immediately; otherwise, the efficacy will be affected.
(5) Withdrawal period: 5 days for broiler chickens.
[Usage and Dosage] Mixed feeding, 1 g per 1000 kg of feed for poultry
Diclazuril solution, mixed drinking water, 0.5-1 mg per 1 L of drinking water for poultry (active ingredient)
[Preparations and Specifications] Diclazuril premix (1) 100 g: 0.2 g (2) 100 g: 0.5 g
Diclazuril solution (1) 10 mL: 0.05 g (2) 20 mL: 0.1 g (3) 50 mL: 0.25 g
Robenidine Hydrochloride Robenidine Hydrochloride
Robenidine Hydrochoride
[Properties] This product is a white or pale yellow crystalline powder, odorless, bitter in taste; its color gradually darkens upon exposure to light. This product is slightly soluble in ethanol, very slightly soluble in chloroform, almost insoluble in water and ether, and slightly soluble in glacial acetic acid.
[Pharmacology] Robenidine belongs to the guanidine derivatives. It was once widely used for the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry and rabbits.
The anticoccidial mechanism of robenidine is to affect adenosine triphosphate and interfere with coccidial protein metabolism.
The main peak action period of robenidine against coccidia is mainly at the first-generation schizont stage; it can prevent schizonts from forming merozoites. In addition, some have confirmed that it also has an inhibitory effect on second-generation schizonts, and even has an inhibitory effect on oocyst development.
[Uses]
(1) Poultry Robenidine was once widely used in China as an anticoccidial drug for chickens. A feed concentration of 60 mg/kg has good preventive and therapeutic effects against single or mixed infections of Eimeria tenella, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria brunetti, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria acervulina, and Eimeria mitis. Its effect against Eimeria necatrix and Eimeria mitis is similar to that of clopidol (125 mg/kg). Its preventive effect against Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria brunetti is superior to that of clopidol.
According to tests, feeding chickens a low medicated feed concentration (30 mg/kg), although it does not affect the host's immunity to coccidia, does affect the anticoccidial effect. Therefore, for outbreaks of acute coccidiosis, a medicated feed concentration of 60 mg/kg is still preferable.
(2) Rabbits Apart from having a slightly weaker effect against Eimeria intestinalis in rabbits, robenidine has good preventive and therapeutic effects against most rabbit Eimeria species (such as Eimeria media, Eimeria irresidua, etc.).
[Precautions]
(1) Because long-term continuous application of robenidine has already caused severe coccidial drug resistance, most poultry farms have stopped using it for more than ten years. It is suggested that rational reapplication of robenidine may produce a relatively good anticoccidial effect.
(2) Feeding chickens a high feed concentration (60 mg/kg) can cause an unpleasant odor in chicken meat, chicken liver, and even eggs, but a low feed concentration (30 mg/kg) will not cause the above phenomenon. Therefore, for acute outbreak coccidiosis, it is advisable to first use a high medicated feed concentration and then use a low concentration for maintenance after 1-3 weeks.
(3) Some coccidia can still continue to survive for as long as 14 days when robenidine is applied. Therefore, stopping the drug too early often leads to recurrence of coccidiosis.
(4) Prohibited for laying hens.
(5) Withdrawal period: 5 days for poultry, 7 days for rabbits.
[Usage and Dosage] Oral administration, single dose, 10-15 mg per 1 kg body weight for poultry and rabbits
Robenidine hydrochloride premix, mixed feeding, 30-60 g per 1000 kg of feed for poultry (active ingredient), 100-150 g per 1000 kg of feed for rabbits (active ingredient)
[Preparations and Specifications] Robenidine hydrochloride tablets 10 mg
Robenidine hydrochloride premix (1) 100 g: 10 g (2) 500 g: 50 g
Halofuginone Hydrobromide Halofuginone Hydrobromide
Halofuginone Hydrobromide
Halofuginone hydrobromide is a quinazolinone substance obtained from a plant, Dichroa febrifuga.
[Properties] This product is a white or light gray crystalline powder.
[Pharmacology] Halofuginone is a relatively new broad-spectrum anticoccidial drug. It has advantages such as a small dosage and no cross-resistance.
Halofuginone has obvious inhibitory and killing effects on coccidial sporozoites, first-generation schizonts, and second-generation schizonts, preventing early lesions from continuing to develop and maintaining normal intestinal absorption function, thereby providing a good guarantee for animal weight gain.
The anticoccidial mechanism of halofuginone is still unclear.
After oral absorption of 14C-labeled halofuginone, it is rapidly metabolized and excreted from the body through feces.
[Uses] Halofuginone has inhibitory and killing effects on a variety of coccidia, and is especially sensitive to Eimeria tenella, Eimeria necatrix, and Eimeria maxima in chickens; even a feed concentration of 1-2 mg/kg is effective. Against Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria brunetti, as well as Eimeria meleagridis, Eimeria adenoeides, and Eimeria pavonis in turkeys, the recommended medicated feed concentration of 3 mg/kg must be used to prevent oocyst excretion.
Halofuginone remains effective against coccidia that have developed resistance to clopidol and quinoline drugs.
Abroad, halofuginone is also used for Theileria infections in cattle and Theileria infections in sheep and goats.
[Precautions]
(1) Halofuginone has a relatively narrow safety margin. The therapeutic concentration (3 mg/kg) is safe for chickens, turkeys, rabbits, etc., but it can inhibit the growth rate of waterfowl (geese, ducks). Guinea fowl are the most sensitive and are prone to poisoning and death. Because fish and aquatic organisms are extremely sensitive to this product, manure from medicated chickens and drug containers must never contaminate water sources.
(2) Recently, some have confirmed that because halofuginone inhibits type I collagen cell synthesis in poultry and mammals, it leads to skin tears in medicated poultry. The therapeutic concentration can affect the weight gain rate of healthy chicks, accelerate blood coagulation in turkeys, and affect turkey immunity to coccidia.
(3) A feed concentration of 6 mg/kg affects palatability, reducing feed (and drug) intake in sick chickens, and at 9 mg/kg most chickens refuse to eat. Therefore, the medicated feed must be thoroughly mixed. The uniformity is required to be between 2.1-3.9 mg/kg; otherwise, the efficacy will be affected.
(4) Due to continuous application, severe coccidial drug resistance has appeared in most chicken farms in China.
(5) Prohibited from being used together with other anticoccidial drugs.
(6) Prohibited for turkeys over 12 weeks of age, chickens over 8 weeks of age, laying hens, and waterfowl.
(7) Withdrawal period: 5 days for broiler chickens, 7 days for turkeys.
[Usage and Dosage] Mixed feeding, 3 g per 1000 kg of feed for poultry
[Preparations and Specifications] Halofuginone hydrobromide premix 1000 g: 6 g
---------------------
This person must be from a pharmaceutical factory; it looks just like the instructions for commonly used coccidiosis drugs, but it is still helpful.