Where are shiitake mushrooms produced? Introduction to the main provinces and the most famous producing areas
Shiitake mushroom, also known as huagu, xiangxun, xiangxin, xiangjun, donggu, and xianggu, is the fruiting body of the fungus Xiangxun of the family Pleurotaceae. Shiitake is the world's second-largest edible mushroom and one of China's specialty products. It has long been known among the people as a "mountain delicacy." It is a fungus that grows on wood. Today, the editor of Qiannong Network will introduce to you the places where shiitake mushrooms are produced! Qingyuan in Zhejiang. Gutian in Fujian. Suizhou in Hubei. Xixia in Henan. The shiitake mushrooms produced in these places are the most famous.
Where are shiitake mushrooms produced?
Shiitake mushrooms grow in winter and spring on fallen broadleaf trees, in clusters, scattered, or singly. The main producing areas of shiitake mushrooms include Zunhua and Pingquan County in Hebei, Gaomi and Guangrao in Shandong, Xixia, Lushi County, and Biyang in Henan, Zhejiang, Fujian, Taiwan, China, Guangdong, Guangxi, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu, and others.
Shiitake mushroom cultivation originated in China and has a history of more than 800 years. As early as the Song Dynasty, the farmer Wu Sangong of Longyan Village, Qingyuan County, Zhejiang, invented the cut-log cultivation method, which later spread throughout the country. It was introduced to Japan through exchanges among monks. The cut-log cultivation of shiitake originated in China, while the current pure mycelium inoculation cultivation on segment wood originated in Japan. By 1989, China's total shiitake output surpassed Japan for the first time, making it the world's largest shiitake producer.
Environmental conditions of shiitake producing areas
1. Temperature conditions: In a moist state, the optimum temperature for basidiospore germination is 22-26°C. The temperature range for mycelial growth is 5-24°C, with the optimum at 24-27°C. However, due to the protective effect of wood, in high-cold mountain areas with temperatures below -20°C or in low-altitude areas above 40°C, the mushroom wood can still survive safely and the mycelium will not die. Shiitake is a mushroom type that fruits under low temperature and fluctuating temperature. Shiitake primordia differentiate at 8-21°C, with the best differentiation at 10-12°C. The fruiting bodies develop within the range of 5-24°C, with 8-16°C being the most suitable. For the same variety, within the suitable range, at lower temperatures (10-12°C), the fruiting bodies develop slowly, the stipes are short, the flesh is thick and firm, and the quality is good; at high temperatures (above 20°C), the fruiting bodies develop quickly, the stipes are long, the flesh is thin, and the quality is poor. Under constant temperature conditions, shiitake does not form fruiting bodies.
2. Moisture conditions: In sawdust medium, the optimum water content for mycelial growth is 60-70%; in mushroom wood, the suitable water content is 32-40%. Below 32%, the survival rate after inoculation is not high, and under 10%-15%, mycelial growth is extremely poor. During fruiting body formation, the water content of the mushroom wood should be maintained at about 60%, and the air humidity should preferably be 80-90%.
3. Nutritional material basis
Shiitake is a wood-rotting fungus. Its main nutritional components are carbohydrates and nitrogen-containing compounds, as well as a small amount of inorganic salts and vitamins. Only when the various nutrients in the mushroom wood and medium are dissolved in water can they be absorbed and used by shiitake.
(1) Carbon source: Shiitake mycelium can use a wide range of carbon sources, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. A sugar concentration of 1-5% is relatively good.
(2) Nitrogen source: Shiitake mycelium can use organic nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen, but cannot use nitrate nitrogen or nitrite nitrogen. During the vegetative growth stage of shiitake mycelium, the ratio of carbon source to nitrogen source is preferably 25-40:1. High concentrations of nitrogen will inhibit the differentiation of shiitake primordia. During the reproductive growth stage, a higher level of carbon is required.
(3) Mineral elements: In addition to magnesium, sulfur, phosphorus, and potassium, the simultaneous presence of iron, zinc, and manganese can promote the growth of shiitake mycelium and has a mutually reinforcing effect. Calcium and boron can inhibit the growth of shiitake mycelium.
(4) Vitamins: The growth of shiitake mycelium must absorb vitamin B1, while other vitamins are not needed. The concentration of vitamin B1 suitable for shiitake growth is about 100 um per liter of medium. In segment wood cultivation, shiitake mycelium secretes various enzymes to decompose lignin, cellulose, starch, and other macromolecules, absorbing carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and mineral elements from the phloem and xylem of the mushroom wood.
4. Air in the producing area: Shiitake is an aerobic fungus. Sufficient fresh air is one of the important environmental conditions for ensuring the normal growth and development of shiitake. If the cultivation environment is too closed and stuffy, it is prone to producing deformed long-stipe mushrooms and large-foot mushrooms.
5. Light in the producing area: Shiitake is a light-requiring fungus. Diffused light of suitable intensity is a necessary condition for shiitake to complete its normal life cycle. However, mycelial growth does not require light. Research shows that blue light with a wavelength of 380-540 nm has an inhibitory effect on mycelial growth, but is most favorable for primordium formation. The differentiation and growth and development of shiitake fruiting bodies require light. Without light, fruiting bodies cannot form. Research shows that a light intensity of 40-7-lx is relatively suitable. Shiitake primordia tend to grow leggy in the dark, with small caps, long stipes, pale color, thin flesh, and poor quality.
6. pH conditions: The pH value of the culture solution suitable for shiitake mycelial growth is 5-6. A pH value of 3.5-4.5 is suitable for the formation of shiitake primordia and the development of fruiting bodies. During the decay process of segment wood, the pH value of the mushroom wood continuously decreases, thereby promoting the formation of fruiting bodies.