Detailed explanation of key points for pollution-free production technology of edible fungi
Preventing degeneration of edible fungi
Preventing strain degeneration can increase yield, reduce the occurrence and development of diseases and insect pests, and reduce the amount of pesticides applied, which is the foundation for producing pollution-free edible fungi.
1. The ambient temperature for culturing strains must not exceed 28°C. In addition, well-cultured strains should not be stored at room temperature for more than half a month.
2. Firmly master the time and temperature for the medium to produce mushrooms, prevent the destruction of nutrients, and keep the pH appropriate.
3. Change the medium frequently. For example, medium materials such as peptone, wheat bran, and potato should be used alternately.
4. Do not use up the stock culture all at once. It should be taken in portions, and the remainder should be stored at low temperature to prevent excessive subculturing.
5. Each year, select fruiting bodies that are large, grow normally, and are robust and free of diseases and pests for one tissue isolation, from which the superior ones are selected and the inferior ones discarded, to expand inoculation and growth.
Integrated pest and disease control
By strengthening the integrated management of edible fungus cultivation, creating an environment suitable for the growth of edible fungi but unfavorable for the reproduction of pests, diseases, and contaminating fungi is the key to producing pollution-free edible fungi.
1. Do a good job in environmental sanitation: spawn production and operating personnel must establish normal cleaning and sanitation rules, continuously remove dirt and apply chemical disinfection. Mushroom houses, tools, and all indoor equipment must be frequently cleaned and disinfected; when entering and leaving the mushroom house, pay attention to the cleanliness of shoe soles and clothing, and it is best to change them promptly.
2. Selection of disinfection methods: give priority to physical disinfection methods such as high-pressure steam sterilization, atmospheric-pressure intermittent sterilization, pasteurization, and ultraviolet lamp sterilization. For chemical disinfection, give priority to alkaline and phenolic drugs. Avoid using disinfectants such as heavy metal salts.
3. Handle raw materials well: edible fungus culture materials must be prevented from becoming damp, moldy, or breeding pests; when stacking wood chips, grass materials, horse manure, etc., plastic film or felt should be placed underneath to prevent moisture, and the top should be well covered to prevent rain or debris from falling in; rice bran, wheat bran, cake materials, etc. are prone to mold and should be stored sealed; culture materials must be sterilized at high temperature or fermented and decomposed. After the culture materials are transported into the mushroom house, post-fermentation must be carried out: casing soil materials must be disinfected with steam or formalin.
4. Adjust water amount and pH: the moisture of the medium should be appropriate. The pH should be appropriate and should be tested and adjusted at any time. The mushroom house should always maintain good ventilation, and the relative air humidity should not exceed 95%.
5. Properly protect the medium: the material bottles taken out of the pot or the sterilized medium should be protected to prevent secondary contamination; gauze or film should be covered, and when placed in a box for fumigation, it should also be wiped with liquids such as benzalkonium bromide to prevent contamination.
6. Strictly implement inoculation operating procedures: inoculation work is highly technical and must be done patiently and meticulously, and contact and adhesion must be avoided; for all tools and containers, those that can be washed should be washed clean, those that can be fumigated should be fumigated. Those that can be wiped with alcohol should be wiped with alcohol, and those that can be burned with an alcohol lamp flame should be burned with flame; for large quantities of spawn, two people can cooperate in inoculation, and the flame sealing check must be well controlled, with one person holding the material bottle and one person specially inoculating, never leaving the flame mouth, and cooperating accurately.
7. Use artificial physical methods to control pests and diseases: for example, use black light lamps to trap and kill mushroom flies, mushroom mosquitoes, etc.; fully ferment the culture material (60°C, 2-4 hours) to kill nematodes and fungus gnats; remove rotten parts and disinfect with lime water. Improve the environment and adjust temperature (such as lowering temperature to control Papulospora), humidity (such as lowering humidity to control Neurospora), and pH (such as lowering pH to control white mold, etc.).
8. Strictly prohibit the use of highly toxic pesticides: do not use organomercury preparations or organophosphorus preparations, nor pesticides with long residual time, difficulty in decomposition, and irritating odor. Give priority to botanical insecticides, such as pyrethrum, derris, and tobacco extract, and microbial insecticides, such as Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana.
Spraying pollution-free mushroom fertilizer
1. Spraying peptone and yeast extract solution: spray the mushroom surface with a solution of 0.1% peptone and 0.3% yeast extract, which can make the mushroom bodies thick and promote flushing, with the best effect at room temperature of 14-16°C.
2. Spraying decomposed human feces and urine: boil human feces and urine for 20 minutes, dilute with water 10-20 times and spray, or use fresh horse urine and cow urine, boil until no foam remains, dilute with water 7-10 times and spray. If there are small mushrooms on the mushroom bed, after spraying, spray once more with clean water.
3. Spraying rice vinegar: in the middle and late stages of mushroom growth, spray the mushroom surface with a 300-fold edible rice vinegar solution, once a day for 1-3 days before harvest, generally increasing yield by 6%, and the color becomes even whiter.
4. Spraying culture material extract: soak 5 kg of fermented and decomposed dry material in 50 kg of boiling water, remove the residue after cooling, and spray, which can prolong the peak mushroom production period and make the fruiting bodies thick.
5. Spraying mushroom foot water: cut 2.5 kg of washed mushroom feet, add 15 kg of water, boil for 15 minutes, take the clear liquid and add 20 kg of water, then spray, which can prolong the peak period and make the fruiting bodies thick.
6. Spraying soybean milk water: grind 1 kg of soybeans into soybean milk, dilute with 75-100 kg of water, spray the filtrate on the mushroom surface, then spray once with clean water.
7. Spraying glucose and calcium carbonate solution: prepare a solution containing 1% glucose and 0.5% calcium carbonate, and spray when the temperature is below 18°C. It has the effect of promoting mycelial growth.