How to fertilize major crops scientifically? Please keep this guidance

In order to strengthen guidance on scientific fertilization of major crops in autumn and winter, improve fertilizer use efficiency, promote crop yield increases, improve crop quality, and achieve higher farmer incomes and sustainable agricultural development, and based on the nutrient requirements of major crops in autumn and winter, on the results of soil testing and formulated fertilization projects, and in combination with progress made in various regions in implementing the Ministry of Agriculture's "Action Plan for Zero Growth in Chemical Fertilizer Use by 2020," the 2016 Guidance on Scientific Fertilization of Major Crops in Autumn and Winter has been studied and formulated.

Field crops

????Winter wheat

(1) Irrigated winter wheat region of the North China Plain. This includes all of Shandong Province and Tianjin Municipality, central and southern Hebei Province, central and southern Beijing Municipality, central and northern Henan Province, the Guanzhong Plain of Shaanxi Province, and southern Shanxi Province.

1. Fertilization principles

In the North China Plain winter wheat region, excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer is relatively common, the proportions of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients are unbalanced, the amount of base fertilizer is relatively high, the area under one-time fertilization is increasing, nitrogen supply is insufficient in the later stage, deficiencies of medium and trace elements such as sulfur, zinc, and boron occur from time to time, and problems such as shallow soil plow layers and poor water- and fertilizer-holding capacity exist. The following fertilization principles are proposed:

(1) Based on the results of soil testing and formulated fertilization, appropriately reduce the amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers;

(2) Nitrogen fertilizer should be applied in split applications, and according to soil fertility, appropriately increase the proportion applied in the middle and late growth stages to maintain balanced nutrient supply throughout the entire growth period;

(3) According to soil fertility conditions, apply phosphorus and potassium fertilizers efficiently; (4) Return crushed straw to the field, increase the application of organic fertilizer, advocate the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers, and improve the soil's water- and fertilizer-holding capacity;

(5) Attach importance to the application of medium and trace elements such as sulfur, zinc, boron, and manganese; (6) Improve soils that have problems such as acidification, salinization, and compaction;

(7) Combine fertilizer application with high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques. According to differences in wheat varieties and quality, appropriately adjust the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and the ratio of base to topdressing. For strong and medium-gluten wheat, appropriately increase the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and the proportion of late-stage topdressing.

2. Recommended fertilization formula:

15-20-12 (N-P2O5-K2O) or a similar formula. Fertilization recommendations:

(1) For a yield level of 400-500 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 24-30 kg/mu, and from the standing stage to the jointing stage, apply 13-16 kg/mu of urea as topdressing together with irrigation;

(2) For a yield level of 500-600 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 30-36 kg/mu, and from the standing stage to the jointing stage, apply 16-20 kg/mu of urea as topdressing together with irrigation;

(3) For a yield level above 600 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 36-42 kg/mu, and from the standing stage to the jointing stage, apply 20-23 kg/mu of urea as topdressing together with irrigation;

(4) For a yield level below 400 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 18-24 kg/mu, and from the standing stage to the jointing stage, apply 10-13 kg/mu of urea as topdressing together with irrigation.

In sulfur-deficient areas, about 2 kg/mu of sulfur can be applied as base fertilizer. If other sulfur-containing fertilizers are used, the amount of sulfur can be reduced accordingly; in zinc-deficient or manganese-deficient areas, 1-2 kg/mu of zinc sulfate or manganese sulfate can be applied as base fertilizer, and in boron-deficient areas, 0.5-1 kg/mu of borax can be applied as base fertilizer as appropriate. It is advocated to combine with "one spray and three preventions" by spraying trace element foliar fertilizer at the wheat grain-filling stage, or spraying 150-200 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate plus 0.5-1 kg of urea diluted in 50 kg of water for foliar spraying. If organic fertilizer was applied as base fertilizer, the amount of chemical fertilizer can be reduced accordingly.

(2) Rainfed winter wheat region of North China. This includes the area north of the Huai River in Jiangsu and Anhui Provinces, and southeastern Henan Province.

1. Fertilization principles

In the rainfed winter wheat region of North China, the soil is mainly lime concretion black soil, soil fertility is not high, available phosphorus is relatively low, deficiencies of medium and trace elements such as zinc and boron occur from time to time, and problems such as shallow soil plow layers and poor water- and fertilizer-holding capacity exist. The following fertilization principles are proposed:

(1) Based on the results of soil testing and formulated fertilization, appropriately reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and increase the amount of phosphorus fertilizer;

(2) Return crushed straw to the field, increase the application of organic fertilizer, advocate the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers, and improve the soil's water- and fertilizer-holding capacity;

(3) Attach importance to the application of trace elements such as zinc, boron, and manganese;

(4) Pay attention to improving soils that have problems such as acidification, salinization, and compaction;

(5) Combine fertilizer application with high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques. 2. Fertilization recommendations

2.1 Recommended formula for the combined base and topdressing fertilization scheme:

18-15-12 (N-P2O5-K2O) or a similar formula. Fertilization recommendations:

(1) For a yield level of 350-450 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 28-36 kg/mu, and from the standing stage to the jointing stage, apply 9-12 kg/mu of urea as topdressing together with irrigation;

(2) For a yield level of 450-600 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 36-47 kg/mu, and from the standing stage to the jointing stage, apply 12-16 kg/mu of urea as topdressing together with irrigation;

(3) For a yield level above 600 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 47-55 kg/mu, and from the standing stage to the jointing stage, apply 16-19 kg/mu of urea as topdressing together with irrigation;

(4) For a yield level below 350 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 20-28 kg/mu, and from the standing stage to the jointing stage, apply 7-9 kg/mu of urea as topdressing together with irrigation.

2.2 Recommended formula for the one-time fertilization scheme:

25-12-8 (N-P2O5-K2O) or a similar formula. Fertilization recommendations:

(1) For a yield level of 350-450 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 39-50 kg/mu, applied once as base fertilizer;

(2) For a yield level of 450-600 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 50-67 kg/mu, applied once as base fertilizer;

(3) For a yield level above 600 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 67-78 kg/mu, applied once as base fertilizer;

(4) For a yield level below 350 kg/mu, the recommended application rate of formula fertilizer is 28-39 kg/mu, applied once as base fertilizer.

In zinc-deficient or manganese-deficient areas, 1-2 kg/mu of zinc sulfate or manganese sulfate can be applied as base fertilizer, and in boron-deficient areas, 0.5-1 kg/mu of borax can be applied as base fertilizer as appropriate. It is advocated to combine with "one spray and three preventions" by spraying trace element foliar fertilizer at the wheat grain-filling stage, or spraying 150-200 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate plus 0.5-1 kg of urea diluted in 50 kg of water for foliar spraying. If organic fertilizer was applied as base fertilizer, the amount of chemical fertilizer can be reduced accordingly.

(3) Winter wheat in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. This includes Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, and Shanghai, southern Henan Province, and the area south of the Huai River in Anhui and Jiangsu Provinces.

1. Fertilization principles

In the Yangtze River basin winter wheat region, organic fertilizer application is low, nitrogen fertilizer is relatively excessive and the proportion applied in the early stage is large, and deficiencies of medium and trace elements such as sulfur and zinc occur from time to time. The following fertilization principles are proposed: