Latest Pollution-Free High-Efficiency Peanut Cultivation Techniques and Methods Tutorial

Peanut, originally named groundnut, belongs to the order Rosales, is an annual herbaceous plant of the Fabaceae family, with stems erect or prostrate, 30-80 cm long, wing petals and keel petals separate, pods 2-5 cm long, 1-1.3 cm wide, inflated, with thick pod walls, flowering and fruiting period from June to August. Mainly distributed in Brazil, China, Egypt and other places. It can be used as a raw material for cosmetics such as soap and hair oil.

Pre-Sowing Preparations

1. Site selection. Peanut is a deep-rooted crop, suitable for cultivation in sandy loam or medium loam soil, requiring a soil layer deeper than 1 m, relatively loose soil, flat terrain, convenient irrigation and drainage, good soil aeration, and a relatively sunny plot for planting.

2. Land preparation. Peanut fields should generally undergo deep and medium plowing of 20-25 cm, and after plowing, harrowing should be done promptly to achieve “deep, level, and fine” conditions. In early spring of the following year, harrow and level the soil while it is still frozen to store water and conserve moisture. In areas with water access, 5-7 days before sowing, thoroughly water the soil to establish bottom moisture, using 40-60 cubic meters of water per mu.

3. Film selection. For planting peanuts, micro-film of 0.007-0.008 mm or “linear film” must be used to facilitate peg penetration and reduce costs.

4. Seed selection. In areas with a frost-free period of about 120 days, generally on medium-fertility plots, choose early-maturing varieties with early development and a relatively short growth period, such as “Lühua No. 1” and “Lühua No. 9”. In areas with a frost-free period of more than 130 days, on plots with better soil fertility, choose superior varieties such as “Lühua No. 13”, “Lühua No. 14”, and “Huayu No. 16”.

Implementation of Scientific and Safe Formulated Fertilization Techniques

1. Scientific fertilization based on peanut yield. Before sowing, according to the nutrient requirements of different peanut varieties, soil nutrients, and fertilizer quality, carry out scientific balanced fertilization techniques through soil testing; a single fertilizer must not be used.

2. For plots with a yield of more than 500 kg per mu, apply more than 6000 kg of organic fertilizer per mu (organic fertilizer includes barnyard manure, green manure, plant ash, biogas residue, biogas slurry, crop straw fertilizer, cake fertilizer, and other fully composted quick-acting organic fertilizers). Inorganic fertilizers include: mineral nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers and compound fertilizer formulated with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium at 50 kg per mu, and superphosphate at 80-100 kg. The amount of fertilizer applied should be determined according to peanut yield.

3. For peanut planting, applying sufficient base fertilizer all at once gives better results.

Plastic Film Mulching Techniques

1. Film selection. For peanut planting, use 85-90 cm micro-film, with a thickness between 0.008-0.009 mm, a light transmittance greater than 70%, easy penetration by pegs, good spreading performance, and non-stick, non-curling properties.

2. Sowing method. Irrigated land requires ridge mulching cultivation, with a ridge height of 10-15 cm, ridge width of 60 cm, flat ridge top, furrow width of 20 cm, and furrow depth of 50 cm. In dryland areas, prepare the land well 7-10 days before spring sowing, then immediately cover with film to capture soil moisture for moisture conservation, and punch holes for sowing at the appropriate time; this method is called covering first and sowing later. In irrigated areas, water first before sowing, then prepare the land and cover with film, and punch holes for sowing at the appropriate time. Punching generally requires a diameter of about 2 cm and a sowing depth of 4-5 cm; after punching, seal tightly with moist soil to prevent moisture loss. For plots that are sown first and covered later, after seedlings emerge, punch holes in the film to release the seedlings. This method is suitable for mechanical sowing and can be adopted in irrigated land, expanded irrigation land, and dryland with good moisture conservation.

3. Film-laying method. The plastic film should be pressed tightly against the ground, with both sides each 10 cm wide, compacted firmly with wet soil. On the film, make a soil belt every 5-10 cm to prevent wind from lifting the film. Where conditions permit, mechanical film laying can be used.

Sowing Techniques

1. Seed treatment. Peanuts should follow the “one selection and three dressings”. “One selection” means careful selection. That is, carefully select seeds and remove mixed seeds, shriveled seeds, and small seeds. “Three dressings” means: first, dressing with insecticide, using 150 g of phoxim emulsifiable concentrate per 50 kg of seeds; second, dressing with fungicide, using 200 g of carbendazim per 50 kg of seeds; third, dressing with

2. Sowing time. When the soil temperature at 5-10 cm reaches 3-15°C, begin sowing. In our city, sowing is generally on April 25, with seedlings emerging in early May.

3. Sowing depth. Peanut sowing is generally 4-5 cm in sandy loam and 3-4 cm in medium loam.

4. Density. Generally, in high water and fertilizer land, keep about 8000-9000 hills per mu, and in medium water and fertilizer land keep 10000-12000 hills per mu, with two seeds per hill.

Scientific Management Measures

1. Check seedlings and repair film. For plots covered first and sown later, if strong winds occur, check promptly, re-cover the plastic film lifted by wind, and seal broken openings tightly with wet soil.

2. Punch holes to release seedlings. For plots sown first and covered later, when peanut seedlings grow 2-3 leaves, release the seedlings promptly. Open a small hole in the micro-film to allow sufficient ventilation and light. Let the seedlings grow in the film for 7-10 days to prevent cold injury to seedlings from low temperatures and strong winds.

3. Clear around seedlings and promote root development. After peanut seedlings emerge, immediately scrape away the surrounding soil to expose the two leaves of the first pair of lateral branches; compared with the control, clearing around seedlings generally increases yield by more than 30%.

4. Foliar fertilization. If seedlings lack fertilizer, use 40 kg of 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution plus 1 kg of urea per mu; or spray 40 kg of 2% superphosphate solution on the leaves to promote robust seedling growth.

5. Growth regulation. In high water and fertilizer plots, peanut vegetative growth is excessive and prone to spindling; foliar spraying of plant regulator B9 or mepiquat chloride can be used, with a suitable spraying concentration of 0.05%-0.1%, spraying 40 kg per mu. For mepiquat chloride, use 2-3 g per mu mixed with 40 kg of water and spray to control peanut vegetative growth, promote reproductive growth, and enable more pods and full pods.

6. Watering and topdressing: During the pegging stage of peanuts, if there is no rain and the moisture content of the 50 cm soil tillage layer is below 10%, water together with 7-10 kg of urea topdressing per mu; when watering, slowly infiltrate along the furrow, water evenly and thoroughly, and avoid flood irrigation.

7. Timely harvest. Medium and early-maturing varieties are harvested in mid-to-late September, and late-maturing varieties are harvested in early October in a timely manner. If harvest is too late, peanuts will shed into the soil and reduce income. After harvest, dry the pods for 5-7 days, and when the moisture content drops below 10%, they can be stored. After peanut harvest, promptly remove residual film from the field.

Pest and Disease Control Techniques

1. In the late growth stage of peanuts, the common disease is leaf spot disease. Control measures include deep autumn plowing, avoiding continuous cropping, and selecting disease-resistant varieties. Chemical control: in the early stage of disease onset, spray with 1:2:150-200 Bordeaux mixture, or 50% carbendazim wettable powder at 1500-2000 times dilution, spraying once every 10-15 days, continuously 2-4 times, using 50-60 kg of spray solution each time.

2. Aboveground pests are mainly aphids and red spider mites; aphid alarm pheromone can be used for control.

3. After nematodes damage the peanut root system, plants become short and small, stems and leaves turn yellow, leaf edges at the bottom scorch, flowering is delayed, and pods are small. Control methods: (1) Implement 2-3 year crop rotation; the longer the rotation period, the better the effect. (2) Deep plowing to improve soil and increase organic fertilizer application. (3) Before sowing, treat the soil with phoxim granules, or dress seeds with phoxim emulsion.

4. Strictly prohibit the use of “three-no pesticides” that have not been inspected by relevant national and provincial departments, and strictly prohibit the use of highly toxic and high-residue pesticides, such as methamidophos, 3911, omethoate, isocarbophos, demeton, and other pesticides.