Detailed Explanation of the Latest Peanut Plastic Mulch Cultivation Technology
Peanut is an important cash crop in China. Among all oil crops, peanut has the highest oil yield, reaching as high as 45%-50%, nearly twice that of soybean. As the world's largest consumer of peanut oil, China's demand for peanut is self-evident. So how should peanut be planted? What is the plastic mulch cultivation technology for peanut? Today Qinnongwang will introduce to you how to plant peanut.
To achieve high peanut yield, every step from seed selection to harvest is important. Qinnongwang here introduces planting techniques in six aspects: seed selection, land selection, land preparation, fertilization, sowing and daily management, as well as the issues to note when using plastic mulch, hoping to bring some help to farmers.
1. Variety Selection
The selection standard should be varieties with a growth period of 120-130 days, active accumulated temperature of around 2500°C, large yield-increasing potential, strong resistance, and no premature senescence, with high and stable yield, mostly white-seeded types.
2. Land Selection and Crop Rotation
Land selection for peanut planting is very important. Choose sandy loam or loam with deep soil layer, good drainage and irrigation, high soil fertility, and good water and fertilizer retention; strongly sandy soil is not suitable. For crop rotation, planting peanut on fresh soil increases yield, especially for mulched peanut, so a good preceding crop should be chosen; corn, millet and gramineous crops are best, followed by potato, watermelon, etc. If continuous cropping is used, organic fertilizer or biological fertilizer should be added.
3. Land Preparation
Fine land preparation is the foundation for high and stable yield in plastic mulch cultivation. It affects the quality of mulching. Choose loose-textured, relatively fertile fresh soil that is easy to drain and irrigate. It is best to carry out autumn ploughing promptly after the preceding crop is harvested, to a depth of 20-23 cm, to mellow the plough layer; in early spring, plough shallowly, and after ploughing harrow and level promptly to preserve moisture, so that the soil is fine and clod-free. The ground should be level with no stubble.
4. Fertilization
1. Fertilizer Selection
Farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer are important measures to ensure a large yield increase in peanut plastic mulch cultivation. Mulch cultivation improves the soil ecological environment, promotes peanut growth and development, and increases the demand for nutrient elements. If fertilization is insufficient, especially in low-fertility soil, the mulching effect will be greatly reduced; even if mulched peanut increases yield somewhat, it often causes soil nutrient depletion, which is not conducive to using and maintaining the land.
2. Fertilization Amount
Farmyard manure is generally applied at 30-35 cubic meters per hectare; if there is no farmyard manure, crop rotation can be used. Apply base fertilizer in combination with land preparation. Chemical fertilizer: 450-600 kg of 45% peanut special fertilizer, preferably mixed with biological fertilizer. For example, 301 ecological fertilizer has been proven in practice to have a very good effect when mixed with chemical fertilizer. If single-element chemical fertilizers are used in combination, urea 100-135 kg, diammonium phosphate about 150-200 kg, and potassium fertilizer 80-150 kg.
3. Fertilization Method
Peanut has fertilizer-absorbing characteristics. According to peanut's fertilizer-absorbing characteristics and the nature of the fertilizer, when applying as base fertilizer, it must be applied deeply. Peanut has a taproot system, and most roots are concentrated in the 10-30°Cm plough layer, so it should be applied deeply and evenly. The absorption peaks of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium all appear before flowering and pegging, accounting for 28%, 35% and 47% of the total absorption during the whole growth period respectively, and then gradually decrease. Apply sufficient base fertilizer at one time in combination with land preparation. It is best to apply in two times: 2/3 of the fertilizer applied in combination with early spring land preparation, and 1/3 applied below the 10 cm plough layer when ridging.
5. Sowing
1. Pre-sowing Preparation
Choose peanut with strong germination vigor as seed. Before sowing, sun-dry the pods to break dormancy, promote after-ripening, and improve seed vigor. After shelling, grade and select seeds, choosing first- and second-grade kernels as seed. 2. Seed treatment refers to seed soaking and sprouting and chemical seed dressing. In Northeast China, seed soaking and sprouting is not advocated, as the peanut skin easily falls off after treatment. It is best to dress seeds with peanut-specific seed coating agent to control underground pests and seedling stage damping-off, etc. For example, Fangchaling No. 3 seed dressing agent produced by Benxi Zhuangmiao Company has a relatively good application effect on peanut.
2. Timely Sowing
Sowing period: mastering the sowing period is very critical. Based on many years of experience, our open-field direct-seeded peanut in Fuyu is sown from May 15 to 25, and mulched peanut can be sown from May 10 to 15, and it should also be determined according to the meteorological conditions at the time. Within 5 days, sowing can be done when the daily average soil temperature in the 5-10 cm plough layer steadily passes 12°C; mulched peanut can raise soil temperature, so it can be appropriately earlier. Ensure sowing quality. Generally, under good bottom moisture conditions, a mulching machine is used to sow, mulch and spray herbicide in one operation. Cover two natural ridges together with film, or after sowing, rake level, spray herbicide, and mulch manually, with two seeds per hole according to density requirements. Sow evenly, with the plastic film closely adhering to the ridge surface. Every 2-3 meters, throw two spadefuls of soil to prevent the wind from lifting the film.
3. Reasonable Close Planting
Generally, the ridge spacing is 63-65 cm, using 1.2 or 1.3 m wide plastic film, covering two ridges together, with hole spacing of 17-20 cm, and 200,000-220,000 plants retained per hectare. Large-ridge three-row mulching can also be used, that is, combining two natural ridges into one large ridge, planting three rows on the ridge, with small row spacing of 30-35 cm, which can reasonably utilize soil fertility and light energy.
6. Field Management
After peanut sowing, frequently inspect the field and protect the film. If wind lifts the film or the film breaks and lets air through, cover it tightly and press it firmly in time to ensure the warming and moisture-preserving effect. After peanut emergence, promptly guide the seedlings out and seal the film holes tightly with wet soil. While guiding seedlings, pull the first pair of lateral branches out of the film, promptly remove excess soil mounds on the film holes, and after full emergence, promptly check seedlings and replant. During peanut growth and development, do a good job of protecting the film and prevent wind, human and livestock trampling. Strengthen the prevention and control of pests and diseases. Mainly stem rot, root rot and crown rot in the early stage, and leaf spot disease in the middle and late stages. Use systemic fungicides plus foliar fertilizer. Among insect pests, aphids and red spiders are the most serious. Use omethoate and imidacloprid to control aphids, and for red spiders use acaricides such as avermectin.
7. Issues to Note
The selected variety must be suitable, and the growth period must be moderate; early-maturing varieties cannot be mulched, as they are prone to premature senescence. The plastic film must not be over-stretched, to avoid breaking. Opening holes to release seedlings should be early rather than late, and soil must be pressed on, 3-5 cm thick.
The above is the introduction to peanut planting technology brought to you by Qinnongwang. When planting peanut, if you want to increase planting yield and economic benefits, adopting plastic mulch technology is one of the very effective measures, and it is also a planting method that peanut farmers in China like to use. Growers can refer to this article and compare it with their own planting methods to see whether there is anything that needs improvement.