Where are the latest main mango producing areas distributed?

Mango is an evergreen large tree of the genus Mangifera in the Anacardiaceae family, also known as mameng, momengguo, mangguo, wangguo, etc. It is one of the famous tropical fruits. Its content of carotene, the precursor of vitamin A, is rarely seen among all fruits, and its vitamin C content is also not low. Minerals, protein, fat, sugars, etc. are also its main nutrients. Now let us take a look at where mangoes are produced!

Where are mangoes produced?

Mango is native to India and is mainly distributed in India, Bangladesh, Indochina and Malaysia, growing in forests on hillsides, river valleys or open fields at an altitude of 200-1350 m. It has been widely cultivated around the world, and more than 100 varieties have been bred. In China, it is mainly produced in Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Taiwan, China and other places, and more than 40 varieties have been cultivated in China.

Producing environment of mango

1. Temperature: Mango likes warmth and cannot tolerate cold or frost. The optimum growth temperature is 25-30°C. Below 20°C, growth is slow. Below 10°C, leaves and inflorescences stop growing, and nearly mature fruits suffer cold damage. The effective temperature for growth is 18-35°C, the suitable temperature for shoot growth is 24-29°C, and fruit set and young fruit growth require an average daily temperature above 20°C.

2. Light: Mango is a light-loving fruit tree. Sufficient light can promote flower bud differentiation, flowering and fruit set, improve fruit quality, and improve appearance. Usually, a single tree on the sunny side of the canopy or in an open environment has more flowers and a higher fruit-setting rate, while mangoes with too many branches and leaves, a closed canopy, and insufficient light have fewer flowers and fruits, and the fruit appearance and quality are poorer. Through pruning and shaping, the light conditions in the orchard and within the tree can be improved to increase yield and prolong the peak production period.

3. Water: Mango grows well in areas with annual rainfall of 700-2000 mm. The uneven distribution of annual rainfall in South China often affects growth and development. If the air is too dry during the flowering period and early fruiting stage, it is easy to cause flower and fruit drop. Too much rain can also lead to rotten flowers and poor pollination and fertilization. In summer, overly concentrated rainfall often induces serious fruit diseases. After harvest, autumn drought often affects the sprouting and growth of autumn shoot mother branches.

4. Soil: Mango has no strict requirements for soil and can be cultivated in areas below 600 m in altitude. However, loam or sandy loam with deep soil layers, a groundwater level below 3 m, good drainage, and slight acidity is preferable.

Cultivated varieties of mango

1. Guiqi mango: Guiqi mango, also known as Guire No. 82, commonly called Guiqi mango, has medium tree vigor, open branches, and a relatively late flowering period. It is a late-maturing variety, maturing in mid-to-late August, with high and stable yields.

2. Tainong No. 1: Tainong No. 1 mango is a dwarf early-maturing new variety bred by the Fengshan Tropical Horticultural Experiment Branch in Taiwan, China from a cross between Haden and Irwin. After introduction to Hainan Province, trial planting in Sanya showed relatively high yield. Grafted seedlings bear fruit 3 years after planting, and the yield per plant can reach 5-10 kg or higher. It matures from late April to early May, with a single fruit weight of 150-200 g. It has strong resistance to anthracnose, is tolerant of storage and transport, and has a long shelf life. It is currently the main cultivar in Hainan.

3. Green-skin mango: Thai Baihua mango, also known as green-skin mango, is native to Thailand. Its characteristic is that there is an obvious groove from the ventral shoulder of the fruit to the ventral belly of the fruit. The peel is mostly dark green, and the flesh is light yellow, smooth in texture, rich and sweet in taste, aromatic, with few fibers and excellent quality. The seed is flat and thin, and polyembryonic. The yield is medium, and the plant is susceptible to gummosis. Its green peel and light-colored flesh affect its marketability and value in some places.

4. Jinhuang mango: Jinhuang mango is a variety bred in Taiwan, China. It has strong tree vigor, a tall canopy, and large but sparse flowers. The fruit is extra large and the stone is thin. It tastes sweet, fragrant and refreshing, is juicy, fiberless, and tolerant of storage. The average single fruit weight is 1200 g. When ripe, the peel is orange-yellow. It has excellent quality and good commercial value, with a sugar content of 17%. It is mid-maturing and resistant to anthracnose.

5. Keitt mango: Keitt mango is one of the main cultivars in the United States and also a main cultivar in Taiwan, China. It was introduced from the United States to the South China College of Tropical Crops in 1991. Top-grafted trees bore fruit after 2 years, with a yield per plant of 10 kg. It bore fruit continuously from 1993 to 1994, maturing in July-August, with a single fruit weight of about 400 g. It is oval, with a yellow or orange-yellow ground color and a dark red blush. The flesh is thick, smooth in texture, with few fibers, sweet and aromatic, and of excellent quality. The seed is small, accounting for only 7.5-8% of the fruit weight, and is monoembryonic.

6. Red Ivory mango: Red Ivory mango was selected by Guangxi Agricultural College from seedlings of White Ivory. It has strong growth vigor and abundant branches and leaves. The fruit is oblong, slightly curved, with a light green peel. During the fruiting period, the sunny side of the peel is bright red, and the appearance is attractive.

7. Yuwen mango No. 6: Yuwen mango No. 6 has large fruit, with an average single fruit weight of 1000-1500 g. The fruit shape is showy and purplish-red. It has relatively much fiber, a thin stone, a high edible rate, delicate flesh, and good taste. The soluble solids reach 17-19. It has relatively good yielding performance. It was introduced from Taiwan, China in 2002 and has a certain area and yield.

8. Binlin No. 1: Binlin No. 1 has a showy fruit shape and a honey peach color. Its sweetness is about 19 degrees, and its taste and flavor are excellent. The fruit weighs about 500 g. It was introduced from Taiwan, China in 2002 and has a certain area and yield.

9. Guifei mango: Guifei mango, also known as Hongjinlong, is a variety selected and bred in Taiwan, China and was introduced to Hainan Province in 1997. It has strong growth vigor, early bearing and high yield. A 4-5-year-old grafted tree has a yield per plant of 20-30 kg or higher, bears fruit every year, and its fruiting performance is no less than that of Tainong No. 1, but it matures earlier. The single fruit weight is 300-500 g. At present, it has become one of the main cultivars in Hainan.

10. Baiyou No. 1: Baiyou No. 1 is a mango individual plant successfully introduced and trial-planted by the Baise City Fruit Office in May 2000 from the China-Myanmar border. The canopy is ovate, the tree vigor is medium, the trunk is grayish-white with longitudinal cracks, thick at the bottom and thin at the top, the branches are relatively upright, and the shoots are 15-20 cm long. The leaves are simple, leathery, and oblong-elliptic, with entire margins and small waves curling upward.

11. Taiya: Taiya, also known as Huangjinhuang, is a newly introduced variety in Tiandong. It is high-yielding, stable-yielding, and of superior quality. When the fruit is ripe, the peel is light red, and the fruit weighs about 500-750 g. Tiandong has a certain area and yield.

12. Zihua mango: Zihua mango was selected and bred by Guangxi Agricultural University. The plant grows vigorously and has high and stable yields. When drought occurs during the fruit development period, the external appearance is relatively distinct. Grafted seedlings bear fruit 3-4 years after planting. A 6-year-old tree can yield 1000 kg per mu or more. It matures in June-July, with an average single fruit weight of about 200 g. When ripe, it is golden yellow, and the flesh is yellow. The texture is relatively fine and smooth, the taste is light sweet with sourness, aromatic, and the eating quality is medium. The seed is monoembryonic. This variety can be developed in areas with low temperature and continuous rain in spring.

13. Ivory No. 22: Ivory No. 22 has strong tree vigor and a relatively high fruit-setting rate of the inflorescence. The fruit is ivory-shaped, the peel is emerald green, and the sunny side has a red blush. After ripening, it turns light yellow. The single fruit weight is 150-300 g, the edible portion accounts for 63%, and the flesh is orange-yellow with excellent quality. The maturity period is from late June to mid-July, and it is tolerant of storage and transport.

14. Jinsui mango: Jinsui mango was just introduced and planted in 1993. It has early bearing, high and stable yields. The fruit is ovate, the peel is green, and it turns yellow after ripening. The peel is thin and smooth, with very few fibers, abundant juice, sweet and aromatic taste, and tender flesh. The edible portion accounts for 70-75%. The maturity period is mid-to-late July. The quality is above average, and it is an excellent variety for both fresh eating and processing.

15. Guire No. 10: Guire No. 10 has strong tree vigor, and the fruit is oblong-elliptic, with obvious finger-like protrusions at the fruit tip. The single fruit weight is 350-800 g, the edible portion accounts for 73%, and the flesh is orange-yellow, fine and tender in texture, with few fibers and excellent fresh-eating quality. The later-stage fruit of this variety is susceptible to anthracnose.

16. Inte mango: Inte mango has strong tree vigor. The fruit shape is oblate, slightly smaller than Keitt mango. The peel is light red. The flesh is delicate, with very few fibers, tolerant of storage and transport, and the stone is small. The edible portion accounts for 95%, with an aromatic smell and a sugar content of 20%. This variety is a new variety introduced in 1999.

17. Jinxing: Jinxing is red-yellow and appears translucent, giving a feeling of seeing through the flesh, like amber. Its flesh and quality are top-grade, with relatively high sweetness of about 19 degrees, and the fruit is extra large at more than 1000 g. It was introduced from Taiwan, China in 2002.

18. Wenxin: Wenxin has strong tree vigor. The fruit is round, with an average single fruit weight of 1000 g. The fruit shape is showy and purplish-red, hanging on the tree like grapes, and after bagging it turns red-yellow. The stone is small, the edible portion accounts for 95%, it has an aromatic smell, good taste, and a sugar content of 16-17%%, with high and stable yields. It was introduced from Taiwan, China in 2002.

19. Red Apple mango: Red Apple mango has a smooth peel, obvious fruit dots, and clear texture. In places with sufficient sunlight, the peel is light red and covered with wax, appearing pink, and the shape closely resembles an apple, hence the name Red Apple mango.

20. Shuiyingda: Shuiyingda is a newly introduced and trial-planted variety in Tiandong. The fruit is medium-sized, attractive in shape, and golden yellow in color after ripening.

21. Irwin mango: Irwin mango is also translated as Owen mango or Erwin mango, and is called Apple mango in Taiwan, China. It is native to Florida, USA, and was introduced from Australia to the South Subtropical Crops Research Institute in 1984. Trial planting in Zhanjiang and Hainan showed good performance. The fruit is obovate, with a deep yellow ground color and a bright red blush. The flesh is yellow, smooth in texture, with few fibers, sweet, and relatively good in quality. The seed is monoembryonic.

22. Guire No. 3: Guire No. 3 is above average in quality. When the fruit is ripe, it is yellow, with high sweetness, few fibers, and excellent quality, but its fruiting performance is unstable. It was introduced and planted in Tiandong in the early period.

23. Guire 120: Guire 120 is a newly released variety by the Guangxi Institute of Tropical Crops. Its tree vigor is similar to Guiqi mango. It has relatively excellent quality, good fragrance, and stable fruiting performance.

24. Luzon mango: Luzon mango, also known as Carabao, Zhanjiang Luzon, honey mango, small Luzon, etc., is native to the Philippines and is the country's main commercial cultivar and export variety. It was introduced from Hong Kong, China to Zhanjiang in 1938 and to Yunnan in 1987. It is now widely distributed in all producing areas across the country. The fruit is tolerant of storage and transport and has a relatively long shelf life. Grafted trees bear fruit 3 years after planting. A 5-6-year-old tree can yield 400-500 kg per mu. It matures in May-July.

25. Coconut mango: Coconut mango, also known as Jidan mango, Dayili, etc., is native to India. It was cultivated earlier in southwestern Hainan Province, where it bears fruit early and yields well. Grafted trees bear fruit 3-4 years after planting. A 6-year-old tree can yield 500-600 kg per mu. It matures in May-July. The fruit is ovate or long-ovate, with an average single fruit weight of 120-150 g, reaching 200 g when water and fertilizer are sufficient. It is susceptible to powdery mildew and gummosis.

26. Yuexi No. 1 mango: Yuexi No. 1 mango is a seedling mutant line of Luzon mango, selected and bred by the South Subtropical Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences. The plant morphology closely resembles Luzon mango, but the leaf color is slightly yellow and the leaf tip is bluntly pointed. Grafted seedlings bear fruit 2-3 years after planting. When the canopy reaches a diameter of 4 m, the yield per plant can reach 40-50 kg. It matures in Hainan from May to July, with a single fruit weight of 120-150 g. Its quality is inferior to Luzon mango, and the seed is monoembryonic.

27. Tianyang fragrant mango: Tianyang fragrant mango is a locally selected variety in Tianyang County, Guangxi. Its flowering period is relatively early. The fruit is elliptic, with a single fruit weight of 210-290 g. The peel is smooth and yellow when ripe. The flesh has few fibers and is of superior quality. The soluble solids are 18-22%, and the flesh rate is 70%. It is not tolerant of storage. It has regional high yields, with relatively high yield in the Youjiang River valley.

28. Four-season honey mango: Four-season honey mango is a variety that flowers and fruits multiple times. The fruit is long-elliptic, with a shallow fruit cavity, a slight fruit beak, and a long fruit apex. It belongs to the medium-fruit type and is on the smaller side, with a single fruit weight of 200-250 g. The flesh has medium fiber, above-average quality, 22% soluble solids, and an 80% flesh rate.

29. India No. 1: India No. 1, also known as Qiu mango, India 901, etc., is native to India. It is now the main cultivar and juice-processing variety in Hainan Province. It has high and stable yields, relatively good quality, relatively light wind damage, and strong adaptability. Under appropriately dense planting, it can yield 700 kg per mu in the 3rd year after planting and more than 1000 kg at 4-5 years old. The average single fruit weight is about 200 g or larger. In rainy areas, the fruit is susceptible to anthracnose, sooty mold, and bacterial angular leaf spot. The peel is rough and the appearance is poor.

30. Guixiang mango: Guixiang mango is a hybrid progeny of Qiu mango and Eagle-beak mango, bred by Guangxi Agricultural University, and is relatively high-yielding. It matures in Hainan from June to July. The fruit is obovate to long-ovate, with a relatively pointed apex, leaning toward one side of the ventral belly. The average single fruit weight is 350-400 g. The peel is green or yellow-green, and the flesh is deep yellow, juicy, with long fibers and relatively soft flesh, light sweet in taste, and average in quality.

31. Small Ivory: Small Ivory has a single fruit weight of 250-500 g, obvious alternate bearing, and medium quality. It is planted in small amounts in Tiandong.

32. Chuan mango: Chuan mango was selected by Guangxi Agricultural College from bud mutation individuals of Ivory No. 22 and is named for bearing fruit in clusters. It has strong growth vigor, a relatively late flowering period, early bearing, high yield, and a high fruit-setting rate, and it also shows a natural second flowering and fruiting phenomenon.

33. Ivory mango: Ivory mango has relatively small branches, strong uprightness, conical inflorescences, and a light red inflorescence axis. The fruit is kidney-shaped, long-ovate, with an obvious curve and a fruit beak mark. The fruit shape resembles a newborn ivory tusk, hence the name Ivory mango.

34. Dabaiyu: Dabaiyu, also known as Baiyu Ivory, is native to Thailand and is one of the high-quality commercial cultivars in Hainan Province. Grafted seedlings bear fruit 3-4 years after planting. A 5-6-year-old tree can yield 300-488 kg per mu. It matures in May-July. The fruit is long and ivory-shaped, with a slightly hooked apex. The average single fruit weight is 300-350 g, and the quality is superior. The fruit is tolerant of storage and transport and has a relatively long shelf life.

35. Jilu mango: Jilu mango, also known as Ji'er mango, Red mango No. 6, etc., is native to Florida, USA. Trial planting in Zhanjiang considered it relatively high and stable yielding, and trial planting at the South China College of Tropical Crops in Hainan also showed good results. It matures in June-July. The fruit is broadly elliptic, slightly flat, with an average single fruit weight of about 200 g and an obvious fruit beak. When ripe, the ground color is yellow and the blush is bright red. The flesh is yellow, relatively smooth in texture, with few fibers, sweet and aromatic, good in quality, and the seed is monoembryonic.