High-yield fertilization techniques and precautions for malting, feed, and food barley

Barley is the general term for hulled barley (glume read fu, level tone) and naked barley. Hulled barley is generally called covered barley, characterized by the husk adhering to the grain; in naked barley the husk and grain are separate, and it is called naked barley - known as qingke on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, yuanmai in the Yangtze River basin, mimai in North China, and so on. After processing it becomes the pearl barley sold on the market.

In botanical classification, barley belongs to the grass family, genus Hordeum. The economically valuable ones are two subspecies of the common barley species, namely the two-row barley subspecies and the six-row barley subspecies. We usually call six-row barley "six-rowed barley."

In two-row barley, of the triplet spikelets on each node of the rachis, only the central spikelet sets grain, while the lateral spikelets are underdeveloped or degenerate and cannot set grain. Two-row barley has fewer grains per spike but the grains are large and uniform. In China, the Yangtze River basin generally prefers to grow two-row barley.

In six-row barley, all three spikelets on each node of the rachis set grain. Generally the central spikelet develops earlier than the lateral spikelets, so the grain of the central spikelet is slightly larger than that of the lateral spikelets. Because the density of the triplet spikelets on the rachis differs, three types are distinguished: sparse (7 to 14 within 4 cm), dense (15 to 19 within 4 cm), and very dense (more than 19 within 4 cm). Among these, the sparse type, whose spike cross-section has 4 corners, is called four-row barley, but is actually sparse six-row barley.

By use, barley can be divided into three types: malting barley, feed barley, and food barley (including for food processing).

The high-yield fertilization techniques and precautions for barley are as follows:

1. Apply sufficient basal fertilizer

Because barley has a short growth period, tillers quickly, and its young spike differentiation is clearly earlier than that of wheat, strong seedlings before winter play a very important role in high yield. In fertilization one should follow the principle of “heavy early, light late; heavy basal fertilizer, early topdressing.” Generally apply 1500-2000 kg of fully decomposed organic fertilizer per mu (fresh manure can be fermented and decomposed with the Jinbaobei fertilizer fermentation agent, which both shortens fermentation time and increases the nutrient conversion rate, reduces pathogens and insect eggs, and avoids root burn and seedling burn), 15-20 kg of high-phosphorus compound fertilizer, preferably together with 1-2 kg of Jinbaobei microbial fertilizer, which can raise fertilizer use efficiency and reduce the adsorption and fixation of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, so that barley develops strong seedlings early in the early stage and full grains in the later stage. Basal fertilizer should account for 72%-80% of the total fertilization amount.

2. Skillfully apply topdressing

For wheat fields with poor soil, little basal fertilizer, late sowing, and a smaller population, apply seedling fertilizer early before winter, with 7-8 kg of urea or 8-10 kg of ammonium sulfate per mu, together with 1 kg of Jinbaobei microbial fertilizer; this can speed up tillering and promote the occurrence of low-position tillers. After the turn of the year, apply green-up fertilizer early, with 7.5 kg of urea per mu, together with 1 kg of Jinbaobei microbial fertilizer; then at the booting stage, depending on the plants, supplement a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer as grain fertilizer. For wheat fields with higher fertility, a larger amount of basal fertilizer, timely sowing, rapid emergence, early tillering, and vigorous growth, control the application of seedling fertilizer or do not apply seedling fertilizer; after green-up, apply little or no nitrogen fertilizer according to the seedling condition, and instead apply phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, generally 20 kg of phosphorus fertilizer and 7-8 kg of potassium fertilizer per mu, or 10-15 kg of low-nitrogen high-phosphorus compound fertilizer together with 1-2 kg of Jinbaobei microbial fertilizer, which can prolong the grain-filling period and increase single-grain weight.

3. Foliar topdressing

Foliar spraying has a good effect on supplementing the nutrients needed in the late growth stage of barley, promoting the transport of photosynthetic products to the grain, and improving the grain weight and quality of barley. During the grain-filling stage of wheat, spray 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution 1-2 times. If soil testing is possible, according to the soil nutrient status and the nutrients required by the crop, spray 0.2%-0.4% zinc sulfate solution, and at the heading and flowering stage spray 0.1%-0.2% borax and other trace-element fertilizers. Because Jinbaobei microbial fertilizer not only contains microbial flora but also added medium and trace elements, you can dilute Jinbaobei microbial fertilizer 500-1000 times and spray the supernatant.