How to control common pests in edible mushroom production?
There are many kinds of edible mushrooms, common ones include shiitake, straw mushroom, button mushroom, wood ear, silver ear, etc., with different nutritional values, and they are deeply loved by consumers. In the specific cultivation process of edible mushrooms, which pests are prone to appear? How to control them?
1. Which pests are prone to appear in edible mushroom production?
1. Brown rot
Brown rot mainly harms button mushrooms, straw mushrooms, etc., and is a commonly occurring disease. When the first batch of button mushrooms develops this disease, the casing soil is usually the main medium, and the later large-scale infection and disease occurrence is spread by harvesting tools and harvesting personnel. Of course, air, mice, etc. may also spread it.
2. Soft rot
Soft rot is mainly caused by mold fungi. Symptoms: when the disease occurs, white pathogenic mycelium appears around the casing soil on the bed surface. In this case, it must be dealt with promptly to avoid rotting of the mushroom spawn. Preventive measures: farmers can reduce watering on the bed surface, lower the humidity of the soil surface, and also sprinkle some lime powder on the affected area.
3. Brown spot disease
Brown spot disease, also called dry bubble disease or verticillium disease, mainly harms button mushrooms. Symptoms: about 12 days after the disease begins, brown spots start to appear on the mushroom caps. This causes the button mushrooms to crack and become deformed. Its transmission routes are mostly splashing water, mushroom flies, mites, tools, human hands, etc. Preventive measures: carbendazim at 1 to 500 can be used at the affected area.
2. How to control the pests appearing in edible mushroom production?
1. Try to adopt fermentation or sterilized substrate cultivation to limit the pest population in the culture site; the cultivation bed for button mushrooms should use fermented material. When mixing the material, add 0.5% salt, 3% lime, 5-8% plant ash, etc., which has a good insect-repellent and preventive effect.
2. Before the mushroom bags or culture material enter the shed, empty-shed disinfection should be carried out: use 0.3% dichlorvos + 0.1% deltamethrin for spraying and fumigation; or fumigate with aluminum phosphide 10 g/cubic meter, seal the mushroom house (shed), fumigate for 48 hours at about 20°C, and for 24 hours above 25°C. The insecticidal effect can reach 95-100% (Note: aluminum phosphide is highly toxic, pay attention to safety when using it). It mainly controls mushroom nematodes, mushroom flies, mushroom gnats and mites, etc.
3. When pests occur on the surface of bed-grown material, spray a 1-2% washing powder solution, which has a very strong contact-killing effect on mushroom flies, adult mites, and old and young mites.
4. Taking advantage of the habit of some pests preferring to move in light-transmitting, cool environments, spray liquids such as miehailing on light-transmitting plastic film, cover it on the bed, 1-2 times a day, spraying continuously for 3-4 times, which can kill the adults of flying insects.
5. Install several 15-watt light bulbs or black light lamps in the mushroom house with pests, place a basin of water below, and drip kerosene into the water. This has an excellent effect on trapping and killing adults such as mushroom gnats, fungus gnats, and black-bellied fruit flies.
6. Sugar-vinegar liquid trapping and killing: mix sugar, vinegar, white liquor, dichlorvos, and water in a ratio of 2:3:4:1:90 to prepare the medicinal liquid. Soak gauze or cotton balls in the liquid, wring them dry, and place them on the material surface. When pests smell the sugar-vinegar odor, they crawl onto the medicated cloth or medicated cotton and are poisoned to death.
7. Mix foods that pests like to eat with poison, such as mixing vinegar, sugar, insecticide, and roasted yellow bran in a ratio of 1:5:10:84, stir evenly, and scatter it around the mushroom bed and on the material surface for them to feed on; for pests such as mushroom flies, mushroom gnats, and nematodes, plant ash + pyrethrum (1 g/square meter) can also be evenly scattered in a layer on the material surface for 2-3 consecutive days. The effect is very good, and it can both control insects and prevent disease.
2. In low-temperature seasons, for pests such as mites in the bed, the method of “first spot-treat, then kill” can be adopted: on a sunny morning, first spray sugar-vinegar liquid on the bed surface, cover with film, pull open the straw curtain, and raise the temperature. At this time, large numbers of pests will crawl from deep layers to the bed surface or film; in the afternoon, uncover the film at the appropriate time, take it out of the mushroom shed, wash off the attached insects with water, and at the same time spray the bed surface with a high-dose low-toxicity insecticide and then cover with film. Repeat this for 3-5 times, and the damage can be eliminated.