Expert Group of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs: 2019 Spring Crop Scientific Fertilization Guidelines
The Department of Crop Production Management of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, and the Scientific Fertilization Guidance Expert Group of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs present the 2019 Spring Crop Scientific Fertilization Guidelines.
I. Wheat
(1) Irrigated winter wheat region of the North China Plain. This includes all of Shandong and Tianjin, central and southern Hebei, central and northern Henan, the Guanzhong Plain in Shaanxi, and southern Shanxi.
Fertilization principles
(1) Based on seedling condition and growth vigor and on the occurrence of freezing damage in winter and spring, apply nitrogen fertilizer in split applications, appropriately increasing the proportion applied at the middle and late jointing stages; scientifically determine the amount and timing of topdressing based on the amount of basal (base) fertilizer applied, seedling condition, temperature, and soil fertility status; topdress according to local conditions, seedling condition, and timing.
(2) Based on soil moisture status and water- and fertilizer-retention capacity, reasonably determine irrigation amount and timing, and achieve integrated water and fertilizer management.
(3) Seize the favorable opportunity of wheat green-up and jointing, promptly adopt measures to promote or control growth, promote the transformation of weak seedlings, and increase the ear-bearing rate; control vigorously growing fields to prevent late-stage excessive vegetative growth and lodging.
(2) Rainfed winter wheat region of North China. This includes the areas north of the Huai River in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, and southeastern Henan.
Fertilization principles
(1) According to different local soil moisture conditions, before wheat green-up combine compaction with intertillage and hoeing to preserve soil moisture, raise ground temperature to promote seedling transformation, and improve wheat drought resistance.
(2) Wheat fertilization should be layered, applied multiple times, and in small amounts, that is, combined with weather conditions, apply a small amount by covering the soil before and after rainfall or snowfall while taking advantage of moisture; after fertilization, do not expose fertilizer to the air.
(3) Winter wheat region of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. This includes the five provinces and municipalities of Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, and Shanghai, southern Henan, and the areas south of the Huai River in Anhui and Jiangsu provinces.
Fertilization principles
(1) According to local soil moisture and seedling conditions, before wheat green-up carry out compaction or hoeing to conserve moisture, prevent cold and freezing damage, promote seedling transformation, and enhance wheat drought and cold resistance.
(2) Scientifically determine the amount of topdressing and irrigation based on soil fertility, basal fertilizer application, seedling condition, and soil moisture status, and fertilize and irrigate according to local conditions and seedling condition.
(3) Combine fertilizer and water management with drought resistance, drainage, and prevention and control of diseases, insects, and weeds.
(4) Rainfed dryland winter wheat region of the Northwest. This includes northern Hebei, southern Ulanqab in Inner Mongolia, most of Shanxi, northern Shaanxi, western Henan, northern Ningxia, and eastern Gansu.
Fertilization principles
(1) There were relatively large differences in precipitation across regions before wheat sowing last year and in winter; this spring, according to local precipitation conditions and soil moisture status, before wheat green-up carry out compaction or hoeing to conserve moisture, promote seedling transformation, enhance wheat drought and cold resistance, and prevent cold, freezing, and spring drought.
(2) According to seedling condition, seize the opportunity to carry out early-spring topdressing on frozen soil, topdressing combined with precipitation, or chemical regulation, combining promotion and control to ensure stable and increased yield of dryland wheat.
(5) Irrigated spring wheat region of the Northwest. This is mainly spring wheat, including central Inner Mongolia, northern Ningxia, central and western Gansu, eastern Qinghai, and Xinjiang.
Fertilization principles
(1) Determine target yield based on soil fertility, reduce nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer inputs, supplement potassium fertilizer, and appropriately supplement micronutrients.
(2) Increase the application of organic fertilizer, return all straw to the field to build soil fertility, and advocate combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers.
(3) “Combined nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium; early application of basal fertilizer; and skillful topdressing.” Strictly control the application of basal fertilizer and sowing quality to ensure uniform and complete seedlings. Topdress in a timely manner to prevent excessive early growth and lodging in wheat and to prevent yield reduction from fertilizer deficiency later.
(4) Topdressing should be effectively combined with irrigation. Use integrated water and fertilizer management or topdress before irrigation, and spray micronutrients such as zinc and boron on the leaves at the booting stage.
II. Rice
(1) Single-season rice region of the cold Northeast. This includes all of Heilongjiang and some counties in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia.
Fertilization principles
(1) Based on the results of soil testing and formulated fertilization, appropriately reduce nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer amounts and optimize potassium fertilizer amount.
(2) Reduce the amount and proportion of nitrogen in basal and tillering fertilizer, increase the proportion of ear fertilizer, so that the proportion of nitrogen in ear fertilizer at the jointing stage reaches about 30%.
(3) Apply green-up fertilizer early to promote early tillering; apply green-up fertilizer within 3 days after transplanting.
(4) Appropriately supplement medium and trace elements according to their nutrient status in the soil.
(5) For acidic plots, apply calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer; for alkaline plots, choose compound fertilizer or mixed fertilizer with a lower pH value as basal fertilizer, use little or no urea as topdressing, and ammonium sulfate may be used as topdressing.
(6) After applying basal fertilizer, carry out dry rotary tillage to achieve whole-layer fertilization; adopt water-saving irrigation technology, drain the field for about 3 days before fertilization, and apply fertilizer with water to carry nitrogen; where conditions permit, adopt integrated side-deep fertilization and transplanting.
(2) Single-season rice region of the Northeast. This includes all of Jilin and Liaoning provinces and some counties in Chifeng, Tongliao, and Hinggan League in Inner Mongolia.
Fertilization principles
(1) Determine the reasonable fertilizer amount for the plot based on the results of soil testing and formulated fertilization and the nutrient requirements of the variety.
(2) Control the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer, reasonably allocate the timing of nitrogen fertilizer application, and appropriately increase the proportion of ear fertilizer.
(3) Reasonably apply phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and appropriately supplement medium and trace element fertilizers.
(4) On the basis of increasing the amount of organic fertilizer applied, appropriately reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied later.
(3) Single-season rice region of the upper Yangtze River. This includes western Hubei, eastern Sichuan, all of Chongqing, southern Shaanxi, and northern Guizhou.
Fertilization principles
(1) Increase the application of organic fertilizer and advocate the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers.
(2) According to soil fertility status, appropriately adjust the ratio of basal fertilizer to topdressing.
(3) Apply basal fertilizer deeply, and topdress “with water to carry nitrogen.”
(4) In oilseed rape-rice rotation fields, appropriately reduce the amount of phosphorus fertilizer for rice.
(5) Choose medium- and low-concentration phosphorus fertilizers such as calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and ordinary calcium superphosphate, and choose potassium chloride as the potassium fertilizer.
(6) For fields with soil pH below 5.5, appropriately apply alkaline fertilizer containing silicon or apply quicklime as basal fertilizer.
(4) Single- and double-season rice region of the middle Yangtze River. This includes central and eastern Hubei, northeastern Hunan, northern Jiangxi, and all of Anhui.
Fertilization principles
(1) Appropriately reduce the total amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and increase the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer used as ear fertilizer.
(2) Apply basal fertilizer deeply, and topdress “with water to carry nitrogen.”
(3) For phosphorus fertilizer, give priority to ordinary calcium superphosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, and choose potassium chloride as the potassium fertilizer.
(4) Increase the application of organic fertilizer and advocate straw return to the field. (5) Apply zinc fertilizer and silicon fertilizer in combination.
(5) Single-season rice region of the lower Yangtze River. This includes all of Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang.
Fertilization principles
(1) Increase the application of organic fertilizer and combine organic and inorganic fertilizers. (2) Control the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer, adjust the ratio of basal fertilizer and topdressing, and appropriately reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer used as basal fertilizer.
(3) Apply basal fertilizer deeply, and topdress “with water to carry nitrogen.”
(4) In oilseed rape (wheat)-rice rotation fields, appropriately reduce the amount of phosphorus fertilizer for rice, and choose potassium chloride as the potassium fertilizer.
(6) Single- and double-season rice region of the hilly and mountainous areas south of the Yangtze River. This includes central and southern Hunan, southeastern Jiangxi, southern Zhejiang, central and northern Fujian, and northern Guangdong.
Fertilization principles
(1) Determine target yield based on soil fertility, control the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer, apply nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in a balanced manner, and combine organic and inorganic fertilizers.
(2) Apply basal fertilizer deeply, and topdress “with water to carry nitrogen.”
(3) For phosphorus fertilizer, give priority to calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer or ordinary calcium superphosphate. (4) For acidic soil, appropriately apply soil amendments or apply quicklime as basal fertilizer.
(5) In zinc-deficient areas, pay attention to the reasonable application of zinc fertilizer.
(7) Double-season early rice in the plains and hills of South China. This includes southern Guangxi, southern Guangdong, all of Hainan, and southeastern Fujian.
Fertilization principles
(1) Control the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer, adjust the ratio of basal fertilizer to topdressing, reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied early, and implement shifting nitrogen fertilizer later.
(2) Apply basal fertilizer deeply, and topdress “with water to carry nitrogen.”
(3) For phosphorus fertilizer, give priority to calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer or ordinary calcium superphosphate. (4) For fields with soil pH below 5.5, appropriately apply alkaline fertilizer containing silicon or apply quicklime as basal fertilizer.
(5) In zinc-deficient fields, gleyed paddy fields, and areas with low temperature and scant sunlight, supplement the trace element zinc fertilizer.
(6) Apply organic and inorganic fertilizers together and advocate straw return to the field.
(8) Single-season rice region of the plateaus and mountains of the Southwest. This includes all of Yunnan, southwestern Sichuan, most of Guizhou, western Hunan, and northern Guangxi.
Fertilization principles
(1) Increase the application of organic fertilizer, implement straw return to the field, and combine organic and inorganic fertilizers.
(2) Adjust the ratio of basal fertilizer to topdressing and reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied early.
(3) In phosphorus-deficient soil, appropriately increase the application of phosphorus fertilizer, with calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer being the best choice.
(4) In paddy fields with low potassium supply capacity, pay attention to supplementing potassium in the later growth stage of rice.
(5) For fields with soil pH below 5.5, appropriately apply alkaline soil amendments containing silicon and calcium or apply quicklime as basal fertilizer.
(6) Combine fertilizer application with high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques.