One-time Full-Layer Fertilization Cultivation Technique for Autumn Peanuts
The one-time full-layer fertilization cultivation technique for peanuts refers to a cultivation technique in which all the fertilizer needed by the peanut throughout its life is applied entirely as base fertilizer before sowing, with no additional topdressing during the peanut growing period. This technique has the characteristics of increasing yield, saving labor, simplifying the fertilization procedure, and being easy for farmers to master and use in production. From 1999 to 2001, we carried out trials and demonstrations in our county, with a cumulative area of 250 mu. According to yield measurements, the lowest yield per mu was 283.5 kg, the highest could reach 332.6 kg, and the average yield per mu was 302.5 kg. Compared with the traditional fertilization method in our county, the yield increase per mu ranged from 8% to 15%. The set of cultivation techniques is introduced below.
1. Site selection: It is advisable to choose plots with convenient drainage and irrigation, medium or above soil fertility, and relatively strong water and fertilizer retention capacity for planting. Soils with below-medium fertility and poor water and fertilizer retention capacity are not suitable for this technique.
2. Seed selection: Planting Yueyou No. 79 and Yueyou No. 5 is recommended.
3. Timely sowing: The sowing period should preferably be in early August. Timely sowing gives the peanut plants a longer vegetative growth period to accumulate more nutrients, which is conducive to achieving high yield.
4. Seed treatment: Before shelling, sun the peanuts in the sun for 2 days, and only shell them one day before planting or on the same day, in order to improve the seed germination vigor and germination rate. Before sowing, remove the plumpness-deficient kernels, select plump kernels as seeds, and dress the seeds with “carbendazim” for disinfection (for every 100 jin of peanut kernels, use 0.2 jin of carbendazim for seed dressing). This is beneficial for uniform emergence and for full, strong seedlings after peanut sowing.
5. Fertilizer selection and fertilization method: After the previous crop field is plowed, apply 80 kg of compound fertilizer per mu according to the formula (containing 11.3% nitrogen, 9% phosphorus oxide, 11.3% potassium oxide, and 0.6% borax), or use 9 kg of pure nitrogen, 6 kg of phosphorus oxide, 9 kg of potassium oxide, and 0.5 kg of borax per mu. According to this formula or dosage, apply all the fertilizer evenly at one time, then harrow the soil loose and level, and planting in separate beds can then be carried out.
6. Reasonable close planting: Adopt the wide-row, narrow-plant planting method, that is, 1.76 m per bed including the ditch, planting 5 rows per bed, sowing 2 kernels per hill, with a row spacing of 0.27 m and a plant spacing of 0.17 m. This method, first, makes use of the border-row advantage, so that in the middle and late growth stages the field population is more ventilated and air-permeable, and the stems and leaves do not become shaded and prematurely senescent; second, there is a sufficient number of basic seedlings, which is an important condition for ensuring high and stable peanut yield. Take care to dig the surrounding field ditches well and drain accumulated water in time.
7. Chemical weed control and no intertillage: In the evening of the same day as peanut planting, evenly spray the herbicide solution, spraying until the bed surface is moist. There are two points worth noting in chemical weed control and no intertillage: 1. After spraying the herbicide, if a small amount of weeds still remains, pull the large weeds once during the flowering period; 2. During the pegging and pod-setting period, if the surface soil is excessively dry, irrigate appropriately to make the soil moist, which is beneficial for pegging and pod setting and ensures high yield.
8. Application of black-and-white ash: During the flowering and pegging stage to the early pod-setting stage, apply 50 jin of black-and-white ash (made by mixing 30 jin of plant ash + 20 jin of quicklime).
9. Application of trace fertilizer: At the full flowering stage, use 15 g of ammonium molybdate per mu diluted in 50 kg of water to spray the plants once, and spray once more 40-50 days before harvest.
10. Spraying foliar fertilizer: In the late growth stage of peanuts, pay attention to spraying foliar fertilizer to nourish the roots and protect the leaves, promote full and plump pods, and increase yield. Per mu, soak 3 jin of superphosphate in water for 24 hours, then take the clear liquid + 1 jin of urea + 0.3 jin of potassium chloride and mix with 120 jin of water to spray the plants. Do this once every 7 days, spraying twice consecutively.
11. Pest and disease control:
Control of peanut rust and leaf spot: After flowering, choose one of the following pesticides and spray 2 to 3 times alternately according to the pesticide's instructions for use. 1. difenoconazole; 2. chlorothalonil; 3. colloidal sulfur. Control of peanut thrips, aphids, leaf rollers, and tobacco cutworms: Choose one of the following pesticides and apply it diluted in water according to the pesticide's instructions for use. 1. cartap; 2. thiamethoxam; 3. imidacloprid.
12. Timely harvest: The whole growth period of Yueyou No. 79 is about 115 days for autumn planting; the whole growth period of Yueyou No. 5 is 110 days for autumn planting.