How can tea quality be improved in tea cultivation?
With the development of our country's economy, the improvement of people's living standards, and the continuous deepening of opening to the outside world, high-grade tea is increasingly favored by the market, and sales volume is increasing year by year. Therefore, how to increase the yield of high-grade tea has become an important research topic in tea production. For this reason, the author carried out technical exploration in many aspects, gained some experience, and achieved good results. The main links are introduced as follows:
1. Strengthen winter fertilization work
Apply sufficient base fertilizer in winter and increase nitrogen fertilizer application, fully giving play to the spring effect of fertilizers, so that spring tea is high quality and high yield. Usually, nitrogen fertilizer is mostly concentrated before spring tea picking and applied as a bud-promoting fertilizer, with no nitrogen fertilizer applied in winter. According to relevant data, more than 80% of the nutrition needed by spring tea, especially nitrogen nutrition, comes from the nitrogen absorbed and stored by tea trees in the previous winter. Therefore, applying sufficient fertilizer in winter is the foundation for increasing spring tea yield, while less than 13% of the bud-promoting fertilizer applied before spring tea picking is absorbed and utilized by tea trees. Therefore, in order to improve spring tea quality, part of the nitrogen fertilizer originally applied in furrows before spring tea picking must be drawn out and applied in the previous winter together with the base fertilizer. In this way, on the basis of applying sufficient base fertilizer, combined with increasing the application of part of the nitrogen fertilizer, and then spraying part of the nitrogen fertilizer on the leaves in spring, the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer by spring tea is improved, and the yield-increasing effect is obvious.
2. Change spring pruning to autumn pruning to promote early and abundant sprouting of spring tea buds
Light pruning before spring tea picking makes the wounds suffered by tea trees difficult to heal for a time, and growth is inhibited, causing tea trees to sprout later and reducing the number of sprouting points, affecting spring tea yield, especially the yield of high-grade spring tea. If changed to light pruning after autumn tea picking, tea trees have ample time to heal wounds and restore vitality, which can promote early and abundant sprouting of spring tea buds and plump and strong buds, conducive to producing more high-grade spring tea. Production practice has proved that changing light pruning before spring tea picking to light pruning after autumn tea picking can advance the spring tea picking period by 5-7 days and increase spring tea yield by more than 10%. Light pruning after autumn tea picking must be carried out after the aboveground part of the tea tree stops growing.
3. Implement fine and tender picking, pick whenever buds appear, directly increasing high-grade tea yield
The traditional picking method is to start picking only after 10%-15% of the buds and leaves in the tea garden reach the picking standard, and to reserve and nurture them for a period before picking again. In order to increase the yield of high-grade tea, the traditional picking model must be broken, and instead of “letting them grow large before picking”, fine and tender picking should be implemented, picking whenever buds appear, that is, “pick the next one promptly when a bud appears”, and be willing to invest more labor to patrol and pick in the tea garden every day, producing as much high-grade famous and excellent tea as possible. Although tea yield will decline somewhat compared with the previous coarse picking, the output value and returns will increase greatly.
4. Effectively carry out integrated pest and disease control
Clean the tea garden in late autumn and early winter, spray lime-sulfur mixture to seal the garden, reduce the overwintering base of pests and diseases, and prevent damage to tender shoots in early spring by tea green leafhoppers, tea aphids, tea geometrids, and others. If pests and diseases occur, control them promptly in combination with frequent picking, and avoid pesticide control.
5. How to improve tea quality?
If famous tea is polluted, especially export products, its output value and reputation will both suffer severe damage. In order to improve tea quality and yield, in addition to measures such as planting green manure in tea gardens, mulching to preserve moisture, applying sufficient farmyard manure after each picking, and improving tea-making techniques, foliar fertilizer should also be used skillfully. This is a good method with small fertilizer dosage, quick effect, and high returns, generally increasing yield by more than 20%-30%.
1) Fertilization time
When new shoots sprout in each round of spring, summer, and autumn tea and grow to the initial unfolding of one bud and one leaf, choose a windless sunny morning, evening, or cloudy day for spraying, once a week for 2-3 consecutive sprays. Spray until droplets fall from the leaf surface. Fertilizer ratio. Mainly nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, supplemented by trace fertilizers, with a ratio of 4:1:1. Trace fertilizers are proportioned according to the principle of supplementing whatever the tea tree lacks.
2) Fertilization concentration
Fertilization concentration is related to factors such as fertilizer variety and weather conditions. According to experiments, urea is 0.5%, superphosphate 1%, potassium sulfate 0.5%, zinc sulfate 50-100 mg/L, and ferric molybdate 20-50 mg/L. If the concentration is too high, fertilizer damage is likely to occur; otherwise, it will not be effective. Combine multiple substances. It can be combined with pest control, sprinkler irrigation, and plant growth regulators, saving labor and making mechanized operation easy to achieve. Chemical properties of fertilizers and pesticides. Acidic chemical fertilizers should be matched with acidic pesticides, and alkaline chemical fertilizers with alkaline pesticides, so as not to produce chemical reactions or precipitates, in order to prevent mutual cancellation of fertilizer and pesticide effects. Use biological pesticides to control pests and diseases. Using biological pesticides to control tea tree pests and diseases is the best choice that is safe, reliable, pollution-free, and free of public hazards, with low cost and high control effect, such as Bt emulsion, Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana, agricultural antibiotics, and plant antibiotics.