What are the key field management techniques for Eucommia ulmoides?

Planting: After Eucommia ulmoides is planted, the root system has not yet taken firm hold, so intertillage should be shallow rather than deep, and weeds must be removed thoroughly. If intercropped with crops, it can be combined with the intertillage and weeding of the crops. Before the young Eucommia ulmoides plantation closes its canopy, the forest should be cleared and intertilled once each summer to promote the growth of young trees. After the Eucommia ulmoides plantation matures, it only needs to be cleared once a year, and intertillage is not necessary. Before winter arrives, soil should be banked up around the roots of young trees to protect them from the cold.

Topdressing: Topdressing can be carried out together with intertillage and weeding. Spring each year is the peak growth period of Eucommia ulmoides. Apply 1500 kg of barnyard manure and 50 kg of cake fertilizer per mu, placed in radiating furrows opened around the base of the plants, and cover with soil after application. During the vigorous summer growth period of Eucommia ulmoides, carry out a second topdressing: apply 2000 kg of barnyard manure, 50 kg of superphosphate, and 200 kg of plant ash per mu, placed in furrows opened beside the plants, and cover with soil after application. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers can also be used for foliar topdressing.

Irrigation and drainage: After Eucommia ulmoides is planted, it should be watered frequently to keep the soil in the planting holes moist and help it survive. During the vigorous summer growth season, if drought occurs, water promptly, otherwise the growth of Eucommia ulmoides will be affected. If the rainy season occurs, drain accumulated water promptly to prevent waterlogging damage.

Shaping and pruning: Each winter, properly prune the lower side branches of the crown to promote thick, straight trunk growth and increase bark yield. Prune drooping branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and dead branches to keep the crown well ventilated and exposed to light.