What are the cultivation techniques and equipment for edible fungi?
AbstractThe cultivation methods of edible fungi mainly include raw material cultivation, fermented material cultivation and sterilized material cultivation. Raw material cultivation: mix the culture material with water evenly, then inoculate directly without sterilization or fermentation, and then grow the mycelium and produce mushrooms under suitable environmental conditions. Fermented material cultivation: after mixing all kinds of raw materials evenly, build a pile according to certain specifications, pile up for fermentation, and when the pile temperature reaches a certain requirement, turn the pile 3-5 times, then inoculate under natural conditions, and grow the mycelium and produce mushrooms under suitable environmental conditions...
Edible fungi generally refer to fungi that can be eaten, and they are very common in our daily lives. The ones we are more familiar with include shiitake mushrooms, white button mushrooms, enoki mushrooms, and so on. This kind of fungal food has high nutritional value, and eating it is good for the human body. However, most people know nothing about how to grow them, so let us learn about it together.
Edible fungus cultivation methods
The methods for cultivating edible fungi mainly include raw material cultivation, fermented material cultivation and sterilized material cultivation.
1. So-called raw material cultivation means mixing the culture material with water evenly and then inoculating directly without sterilization or fermentation, and then growing the mycelium and producing mushrooms under suitable environmental conditions. At present, the species that can be cultivated with raw materials are only oyster mushrooms, straw mushrooms and giant stropharia; other species cannot be cultivated with raw materials.
2. Fermented material cultivation means mixing all kinds of raw materials evenly, building a pile according to certain specifications, piling up for fermentation, and when the pile temperature reaches a certain requirement, turning the pile, generally 3 to 5 times, then inoculating under natural conditions, and growing the mycelium and producing mushrooms under suitable environmental conditions. All species that can be cultivated with raw materials can also be cultivated with fermented materials. Those that must use this method are all kinds of the genus Agaricus, such as Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus edulis, and Agaricus blazei (himematsutake); straw mushrooms, oyster mushrooms, shaggy mane mushrooms and others also often use this method.
3. Sterilized material cultivation means putting the culture material into containers of a certain size, commonly plastic bags, and then sterilizing under normal pressure or high pressure to kill all living organisms in the culture material. After cooling, inoculate through sterile operation, and grow the mycelium and produce mushrooms under suitable environmental conditions. For example, shiitake mushrooms, king oyster mushrooms, enoki mushrooms, wood ear mushrooms, silver ear mushrooms, and white ling mushrooms are all cultivated in this way.
Edible fungus cultivation techniques
1. When edible fungi germinate, they do not produce typical germ tubes, but first swell to 2-5 times their original size, the spores grow along the long axis direction, and vacuoles appear inside.
2. The growth temperature range is 5-24℃, and the most suitable temperature is 24-27℃. However, due to the protective effect of wood, in high-cold mountain areas with air temperatures below -20℃ or low-altitude areas above 40℃, the mushroom wood can still survive safely, and the mycelium will not die. When natural shade is insufficient, build a shade shed (2 m high), or plant crops or gourds to provide shade in the future.
3. Letting the logs dry is actually to regulate the water content of the cut logs, so as to facilitate the colonization and growth of the mycelium after inoculation. Different tree species have different water contents, so the drying time is also different. It is often measured by the loss of sprouting ability after drying, or by the point at which tree sap does not seep out when holes are drilled for inoculation. At this time, the water content is about 40-45%.
4. After plugging the cotton plug, place the test tubes upright in a small wire basket, cover with oil paper or kraft paper, tie it firmly with string, or tie the test tubes into several bundles with string, wrap the cotton plug part with kraft paper, put them vertically into an autoclave, and sterilize, maintaining 1.5 kg/cm2 pressure for 30 minutes.
What equipment is there for edible fungi
1. Refrigeration equipment
Refrigeration equipment is used to lower the temperature of the culture room or mushroom-producing room, so as to provide the most suitable temperature for the growth of edible fungi. Especially for some edible fungus varieties that produce mushrooms at low temperatures, such as enoki mushrooms and king oyster mushrooms, the requirements for refrigeration equipment are even higher. Refrigeration equipment is divided into single units and central air conditioning.
2. Heating equipment
Only edible fungus factories in the north need edible fungus heating equipment. There are many heating methods for industrial edible fungus production: air-conditioning heating, radiators, geothermal heating, electric heating, etc. These heating methods each have advantages and disadvantages. Radiators and geothermal heating are more energy-saving, but they are not as easy to control temperature with as air conditioning and electric heating.
3. Humidification equipment
Both the culture room and the mushroom-producing room need humidifiers, the purpose being to increase the relative air humidity in the mushroom room. Ultrasonic humidifiers are commonly used in industrial edible fungus production. Ultrasonic humidifiers have high efficiency and good atomization effect. Ultrasonic humidifiers have very high requirements for water quality.
4. Lighting equipment
Generally, only the mushroom-producing room needs lighting equipment installed. The lighting equipment in industrial edible fungus production does not refer to ordinary workshop lighting, but refers to the additional lighting added during the mushroom-producing period to meet the light requirements of edible fungi. Cold light sources are generally used, such as the LED light strips widely used for enoki mushrooms and king oyster mushrooms.
How to increase the yield of edible fungi
1. Scratch the mycelium to promote primordia. After the mycelium has fully covered the substrate, use a clean bamboo broom to gently sweep back and forth over the surface of the substrate to remove or break the overgrown old surface mycelium. After new mycelium is exposed, spray water in time and cover with plastic film to preserve moisture and heat, and primordia will appear in about 7 days. This method can not only promote mushroom production, but also increase yield by about 10%.
2. Pressure stimulation. Cover the surface of the edible fungus culture material with old newspapers, burlap pieces, fine soil, etc. Through pressure stimulation and heat and moisture preservation, it can promote rapid mycelial growth. Using this method can generally increase yield by about 15%.
Reducing the contamination rate of edible fungus spawn
1. Use liquid spawn
Liquid spawn overcomes the shortcomings of solid spawn, and liquid spawn can be directly used as cultivation spawn for cultivation. Using liquid spawn not only has a low probability of contamination by competing microorganisms, with the contamination rate reduced to about 2%, but also, from a long-term perspective, because its production does not use plastic bags, it causes no pollution to the environment and reduces the production cost of spawn.
2. Start inoculation from the bottom of the mother spawn bottle
The spawn in the lower part of the mother spawn bottle is younger, has vigorous vitality, and has fewer contaminating microorganisms. After inoculation, the mycelium feeds quickly and the contamination rate is low, so the contamination rate can be reduced to about 3%. In order to further reduce the contamination rate of cultivation spawn, it is recommended to discard the upper 1/5 of the mother spawn at the mouth of a normal mother spawn bottle to prevent contamination of the cultivation spawn by microorganisms invisible to the naked eye.
3. Inoculate earlier or later during high-temperature seasons
Inoculate during the lower-temperature time periods in July-August, such as in the morning or at night. Of course, if inoculation is carried out indoors with air conditioning, the effect is even better, and the contamination rate can be reduced to below 5%.
That is all for the introduction to edible fungus cultivation techniques, and I hope it is helpful to everyone. In short, the cultivation techniques for edible fungi are not very difficult. If you have the chance, you can also try cultivating them yourself. The methods introduced above can serve as a reference for everyone.